diff --git a/packages/ludic.render3d/actor.ludic b/packages/ludic.render3d/actor.ludic
index 665a5b48..0d53a1e9 100644
--- a/packages/ludic.render3d/actor.ludic
+++ b/packages/ludic.render3d/actor.ludic
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ property Actor {
   row:     int = -1,       # where it stands in ac_actors, so it leaves in O(1); -1 off the stage
   cutout:  bool = false,   # alpha-tested (a flame's cards)
   emissive: float = 0.0,       # float bits: self-lit strength
-  skin:    Skin,           # this instance's own pose (skin_clone); null: the model's
+  @owns(SkinClone) skin:    Skin,           # this instance's own pose (skin_clone); null: the model's
   skin_owned: bool = false, # made by actor_own_skin: actor_release frees it
   ptint:   words,          # 4 per primitive: on flag, r, g, b (a part's own colour)
   hide:    words,          # 1 per primitive: skip it (a cap taken off)
diff --git a/packages/ludic.render3d/gltf.ludic b/packages/ludic.render3d/gltf.ludic
index f6ce8f02..f3804237 100644
--- a/packages/ludic.render3d/gltf.ludic
+++ b/packages/ludic.render3d/gltf.ludic
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 # ============================================================================
 
 property Prim {
-  mesh: Mesh,
+  @owns(Mesh) mesh: Mesh,
   diff: int = 0,
   nrm:  int = 0,
   arm:  int = 0,
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ property Model {
   height: float = 0.0,       # float bits: y extent above ymin
   ymin:   float = 0.0,
   tris:   int = 0,
-  skin:   Skin           # the skeleton, for a skinned node (skin.ludic); null for a rigid model
+  @owns(Skin) skin:   Skin           # the skeleton, for a skinned node (skin.ludic); null for a rigid model
 }
 
 
diff --git a/packages/ludic.render3d/gpu_vk_res.ludic b/packages/ludic.render3d/gpu_vk_res.ludic
index 18d17f17..588f7b5c 100644
--- a/packages/ludic.render3d/gpu_vk_res.ludic
+++ b/packages/ludic.render3d/gpu_vk_res.ludic
@@ -634,6 +634,7 @@ function gvk_sampler(render3d_st: mut Render3dState, min_f: int, mag_f: int, wra
 # destroyed at gvk_retire_flush, after the frame's work is done.
 
 @alloc_ok("loading a model, a texture or a font: a load, not a frame (a guest loading a teammate's look is one)")
+@creates(GpuBuffer)
 function gvk_buf_new(render3d_st: mut Render3dState) -> int {
   let zero: long = 0
   if render3d_st.gvk_buf == null {
@@ -655,6 +656,7 @@ function gvk_buf_new(render3d_st: mut Render3dState) -> int {
 
 # a buffer done with for good (a mesh freed): its storage goes, and its handle is handed out again
 # by gvk_buf_new. gvk_buf_release alone keeps the handle, for a caller that fills it again.
+@releases(GpuBuffer)
 function gvk_buf_delete(render3d_st: mut Render3dState, b: int) -> void {
   if b <= 0 or b >= len(render3d_st.gvk_buf) { return }
   gvk_buf_release(render3d_st, b)
diff --git a/packages/ludic.render3d/mesh.ludic b/packages/ludic.render3d/mesh.ludic
index 058289f4..ceb4bb55 100644
--- a/packages/ludic.render3d/mesh.ludic
+++ b/packages/ludic.render3d/mesh.ludic
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 property Mesh {
   vao:   int = 0,            # OpenGL's vertex array object (gpu.ludic's, on that backend)
   vbo:   int = 0,            # the first vertex buffer
-  ebo:   int = 0,
+  @owns(GpuBuffer) ebo:   int = 0,
   count: int = 0,            # indices (ebo != 0) or vertices
   mode:  int = 4,            # GL_TRIANGLES
   itype: int = 0x1405,       # GL_UNSIGNED_INT
diff --git a/packages/ludic.render3d/programs.ludic b/packages/ludic.render3d/programs.ludic
index 8ef33db4..4d101233 100644
--- a/packages/ludic.render3d/programs.ludic
+++ b/packages/ludic.render3d/programs.ludic
@@ -64,9 +64,9 @@ function r3d_bind_2d(render3d_st: mut Render3dState, prog: int, name: string, un
 
 # A framebuffer with one colour texture (and optionally a depth texture).
 property Target {
-  fbo:   int = 0,
-  color: int = 0,
-  depth: int = 0,
+  @owns(GpuFramebuffer) fbo:   int = 0,
+  @owns(GpuTexture) color: int = 0,
+  @owns(GpuTexture) depth: int = 0,
   w:     int = 0,
   h:     int = 0
 }
diff --git a/packages/ludic.render3d/skin.ludic b/packages/ludic.render3d/skin.ludic
index 03175ca2..da91ee1d 100644
--- a/packages/ludic.render3d/skin.ludic
+++ b/packages/ludic.render3d/skin.ludic
@@ -73,6 +73,7 @@ function skin_attribs(render3d_st: mut Render3dState, m: Mesh, attrs: Val) -> bo
 
 # the skin `idx` of the document being loaded (gltf_load holds gltf_doc / gltf_bin open)
 @alloc_ok("loading a model, a texture or a font: a load, not a frame (a guest loading a teammate's look is one)")
+@creates(Skin)
 function skin_load(render3d_st: mut Render3dState, idx: int) -> Skin {
   let sk = new Skin
   let nodes = value_get(render3d_st.gltf_doc, "nodes")
@@ -233,6 +234,7 @@ function skin_clone(src: Skin) -> Skin {
 # A skin loaded with a model, let go with it (model_release): every array it owns, its joints' names
 # and itself. The views into gmat, inv_bind and bones are slices of those, and freeing a view would
 # free its owner's data again, so only the lists that hold them go (a few bytes a joint stay).
+@releases(Skin)
 function skin_free(sk: Skin) -> void {
   if sk == null { return }
   if sk.names != null {