From 63e29f024ccf7e475b4f75129b6665d777ed53b5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Orkuncakilkaya <orkuncakilkaya@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 25 Sep 2026 05:36:11 +0300
Subject: [PATCH] refactor(packages): the mechanic packages use ludic_base
 only, and ask through ports

ludic.clock, .effects, .inventory, .wallet, .weather and .tracks say
'uses ludic_base' (ludic.base uses nothing). ClockWorld, PackRules,
WeatherWorld and TracksWorld are export ports whose defaults are the old
fallbacks; clock_bind, inv_bind, weather_bind and tracks_bind are gone,
and the tests bind their fakes. The base README's toy does the same.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 packages/ludic.base/README.md                 | 29 +++++++---------
 packages/ludic.base/index.ludic               |  2 +-
 packages/ludic.base/tests/route_test.ludic    |  4 +--
 .../ludic.base/tests/toys/fishing/index.ludic |  8 ++---
 .../ludic.base/tests/toys/pack/index.ludic    |  2 +-
 packages/ludic.clock/README.md                | 16 ++++++---
 packages/ludic.clock/index.ludic              |  2 +-
 packages/ludic.clock/state.ludic              | 25 ++++++--------
 packages/ludic.clock/tests/clock_test.ludic   |  7 ++--
 packages/ludic.clock/verbs.ludic              |  4 +--
 packages/ludic.effects/index.ludic            |  2 +-
 packages/ludic.inventory/README.md            |  8 +++--
 packages/ludic.inventory/index.ludic          |  2 +-
 packages/ludic.inventory/state.ludic          | 11 +++----
 .../tests/inventory_test.ludic                |  5 ++-
 packages/ludic.tracks/README.md               | 10 ++++--
 packages/ludic.tracks/config.ludic            |  9 ++---
 packages/ludic.tracks/index.ludic             |  2 +-
 packages/ludic.tracks/leave.ludic             |  2 +-
 packages/ludic.tracks/state.ludic             | 20 ++++++-----
 packages/ludic.tracks/tests/tracks_test.ludic |  8 ++---
 packages/ludic.wallet/index.ludic             |  2 +-
 packages/ludic.weather/README.md              | 12 +++++--
 packages/ludic.weather/bias.ludic             |  3 +-
 packages/ludic.weather/config.ludic           | 20 +++--------
 packages/ludic.weather/index.ludic            |  2 +-
 packages/ludic.weather/pick.ludic             |  3 +-
 packages/ludic.weather/run.ludic              |  3 +-
 packages/ludic.weather/state.ludic            | 33 +++++++++++--------
 .../ludic.weather/tests/weather_test.ludic    | 19 ++++++-----
 packages/ludic.weather/verbs.ludic            |  4 +--
 31 files changed, 130 insertions(+), 149 deletions(-)

diff --git a/packages/ludic.base/README.md b/packages/ludic.base/README.md
index 89f13fa0..3863dfd7 100644
--- a/packages/ludic.base/README.md
+++ b/packages/ludic.base/README.md
@@ -13,11 +13,13 @@ import "ludic.base"
 
 ## The rules
 
-1. **A mechanic uses only this.** If a mechanic needs a second mechanic to compile, that is the
-   bug. Its tests are one program: `ludic.base`, the mechanic, and a fake for each port.
-2. **Ports for questions.** What a mechanic needs to ASK the world is a record of function
-   values it owns (`FishingWorld { is_water: fn(float, float) -> bool }`), in primitive and
-   `ludic.base` types only. The game binds it once.
+1. **A mechanic uses only this.** Its module line says so - `module ludic_clock uses ludic_base`
+   - and the compiler refuses a reference into any other module, a package's included. Its tests are one program: `ludic.base`, the mechanic, and a fake for each port.
+2. **Ports for questions.** What a mechanic needs to ASK the world is a `port` it owns
+   (`export port FishingWorld { is_water: fn(float, float) -> bool }`), in primitive and
+   `ludic.base` types only. The game binds it once, as a declaration (`bind FishingWorld {
+   is_water: fn lake }`), and the compiler refuses a program that uses a port with a required
+   member and never binds it. A member with a default may be left out.
 3. **Queues for facts.** What HAPPENED is pushed onto a `Queue<T>` the mechanic owns (`caught`)
    and drained by the game in a later phase. A mechanic never acts on another's behalf.
 4. **Verbs for changes.** A mechanic's state changes only through its exported functions
@@ -49,18 +51,16 @@ import "ludic.base"
 ## A toy mechanic
 
 ```ludic
-module toy_fishing
+module toy_fishing uses ludic_base
 numbers float
 import "ludic.base"
 export property Caught { species: int = 0, weight: float = 0.0 }
-export property FishingWorld { is_water: fn(float, float) -> bool = null }  # its port
-var world: FishingWorld = null
+export port FishingWorld { is_water: fn(float, float) -> bool }           # its port
 var dice: Rng = null
 var casts: int = 0
 export var caught: Queue<Caught> = null                                   # its facts
-export function fishing_bind(w: FishingWorld) -> void { world = w }
 export function fishing_cast(x: float, z: float) -> bool {                 # its verb
-  if not world.is_water(x, z) { return false }
+  if not FishingWorld.is_water(x, z) { return false }
   casts += 1
   return true
 }
@@ -99,6 +99,7 @@ import "ludic.base"
 program Game {
   numbers float
   function lake(x: float, z: float) -> bool { return x < 100.0 }
+  bind FishingWorld { is_water: fn lake }
 
   # the route: a landed fish goes into the pack
   function route_fishing_pack(t: Tick) -> void {
@@ -107,9 +108,6 @@ program Game {
   }
 
   function game_start() -> void {
-    let w = new FishingWorld
-    w.is_water = fn lake
-    fishing_bind(w)
     core_add(fishing_system())
     let r = system_new("route.fishing_pack", PH_RESOLVE)
     r.tick = fn route_fishing_pack
@@ -136,14 +134,11 @@ written before a generic call inside a `test` body resolved and before each test
 state, so the queue cases are functions a test calls and the runner's cases start with
 `core_clear()`; neither is needed any more.
 
-## Later
+## Declared systems
 
-- `port FishingWorld { ... }` / `bind` will replace the record of function values, checked at
-  compile time instead of a null at run time.
 - `Systems` is an `open registry`, so a system can be declared instead of added: `def Systems
   fishing { phase: PH_SIMULATE, tick: fn fishing_tick }` from any module. The runner starts from
   the declared systems - the order the compiler gives an open registry: ludic.base's own (none),
   then each other module's by module name, each module's in the order it is read - and `core_add`
   appends after them. A game that wants to decide the order itself writes the `def`s in its own
   files, or keeps calling `core_add` in one place.
-- `module toy_fishing uses ludic_base` will make rule 1 a compile error rather than a review.
diff --git a/packages/ludic.base/index.ludic b/packages/ludic.base/index.ludic
index 421cf055..aab1d11b 100644
--- a/packages/ludic.base/index.ludic
+++ b/packages/ludic.base/index.ludic
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # ludic.base - what a mechanic may use and nothing else: the frame it is handed, the phases
 # that order it, queues for the facts it reports, its own dice, its save section, its system
-module ludic_base
+module ludic_base uses
 numbers float
 import "tick.ludic"
 import "queue.ludic"
diff --git a/packages/ludic.base/tests/route_test.ludic b/packages/ludic.base/tests/route_test.ludic
index 48a0b0b9..ab3b6717 100644
--- a/packages/ludic.base/tests/route_test.ludic
+++ b/packages/ludic.base/tests/route_test.ludic
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ program RouteTest {
   numbers float
 
   function water_everywhere_but_land(x: float, z: float) -> bool { return x < 100.0 }
+  bind FishingWorld { is_water: fn water_everywhere_but_land }
 
   # the route: a landed fish goes into the pack
   function route_fishing_pack(t: Tick) -> void {
@@ -16,9 +17,6 @@ program RouteTest {
 
   function game_start() -> void {
     core_clear()
-    let w = new FishingWorld
-    w.is_water = fn water_everywhere_but_land
-    fishing_bind(w)
     core_add(fishing_system())
     let r = system_new("route.fishing_pack", PH_RESOLVE)
     r.tick = fn route_fishing_pack
diff --git a/packages/ludic.base/tests/toys/fishing/index.ludic b/packages/ludic.base/tests/toys/fishing/index.ludic
index 78f84a1d..1bd7fe13 100644
--- a/packages/ludic.base/tests/toys/fishing/index.ludic
+++ b/packages/ludic.base/tests/toys/fishing/index.ludic
@@ -1,16 +1,14 @@
 # a toy mechanic: casting a line. It uses ludic.base and nothing else.
-module toy_fishing
+module toy_fishing uses ludic_base
 numbers float
 import "ludic.base"
 export property Caught { species: int = 0, weight: float = 0.0 }
-export property FishingWorld { is_water: fn(float, float) -> bool = null }  # its port
-var world: FishingWorld = null
+export port FishingWorld { is_water: fn(float, float) -> bool }           # its port
 var dice: Rng = null
 var casts: int = 0
 export var caught: Queue<Caught> = null                                   # its facts
-export function fishing_bind(w: FishingWorld) -> void { world = w }
 export function fishing_cast(x: float, z: float) -> bool {                 # its verb
-  if not world.is_water(x, z) { return false }
+  if not FishingWorld.is_water(x, z) { return false }
   casts += 1
   return true
 }
diff --git a/packages/ludic.base/tests/toys/pack/index.ludic b/packages/ludic.base/tests/toys/pack/index.ludic
index d03597e8..7ec041e4 100644
--- a/packages/ludic.base/tests/toys/pack/index.ludic
+++ b/packages/ludic.base/tests/toys/pack/index.ludic
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # a toy mechanic: a pack of counts by kind, saved in its own section
-module toy_pack
+module toy_pack uses ludic_base
 numbers float
 import "ludic.base"
 var counts: []int = null
diff --git a/packages/ludic.clock/README.md b/packages/ludic.clock/README.md
index de17cb26..6d4641c1 100644
--- a/packages/ludic.clock/README.md
+++ b/packages/ludic.clock/README.md
@@ -16,18 +16,24 @@ the hour; another machine is told it (`clock_set_hours`, `clock_set_day`, `clock
 ## The port
 
 ```ludic
-property ClockWorld {
-  owns_world: fn() -> bool     # does this machine run the world? (unbound: yes)
-  rest_scale: fn() -> float    # how much everyone's rest speeds the clock; 1 when nobody rests
-  seed: fn() -> int            # a seed for a new trip's moon
+export port ClockWorld {
+  owns_world: fn() -> bool = ...    # does this machine run the world? (unbound: yes)
+  rest_scale: fn() -> float = ...   # how much everyone's rest speeds the clock (unbound: 1)
+  seed: fn() -> int = ...           # a seed for a new trip's moon (unbound: 1)
 }
 ```
 
+The game fills it once, where it is put together, and may leave any member out:
+
+```ludic
+bind ClockWorld { owns_world: fn ses_owns_world, rest_scale: fn rt_rest_scale, seed: fn rt_clock_seed }
+```
+
 ## API
 
 | | |
 | --- | --- |
-| `clock_bind(w)` | the port |
+| `bind ClockWorld { ... }` | the port (a declaration, not a call) |
 | `clock_config(start_hours, night_from, night_to)` | when a trip starts, and which hours are night |
 | `clock_config_moon(days, lo, hi)` | the moon's month in days, and the part of it a new trip starts in |
 | `clock_calendar(month_days, season_of_month)` | a month's length, and each month's season (the list's length is the year) |
diff --git a/packages/ludic.clock/index.ludic b/packages/ludic.clock/index.ludic
index b8bc55b1..99aed836 100644
--- a/packages/ludic.clock/index.ludic
+++ b/packages/ludic.clock/index.ludic
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # ludic.clock - one clock for a whole world: the hour, the day, the moon's place in its month and
 # where the day falls in a calendar the game describes; a day turning is a fact on a queue
-module ludic_clock
+module ludic_clock uses ludic_base
 numbers float
 import "ludic.base"
 import "state.ludic"
diff --git a/packages/ludic.clock/state.ludic b/packages/ludic.clock/state.ludic
index 6725f288..a91ec525 100644
--- a/packages/ludic.clock/state.ludic
+++ b/packages/ludic.clock/state.ludic
@@ -1,11 +1,15 @@
 # state.ludic - the clock's port, its facts, and what it holds
 # what the clock asks the world: whether this machine runs it, how much the rest speeds it (1 when
 # nobody rests), and a seed for a new trip's moon
-export property ClockWorld {
-  owns_world: fn() -> bool = null
-  rest_scale: fn() -> float = null
-  seed: fn() -> int = null
+# (unbound: this machine runs it, nobody rests, and a seed of 1)
+export port ClockWorld {
+  owns_world: fn() -> bool = fn ck_owns_alone
+  rest_scale: fn() -> float = fn ck_no_rest
+  seed: fn() -> int = fn ck_seed_one
 }
+function ck_owns_alone() -> bool { return true }
+function ck_no_rest() -> float { return 1.0 }
+function ck_seed_one() -> int { return 1 }
 
 # how a day turned: the hour ran past midnight, or a verb turned it (a night slept, a collapse)
 export const DAY_STAYED_UP: int = 0
@@ -16,7 +20,6 @@ export property DayTurned {
   how: int = 0
 }
 
-var ck_world: ClockWorld = null
 var ck_day: int = 1
 var ck_hours: float = 0.0
 var ck_moon: float = 0.0
@@ -30,23 +33,15 @@ var ck_moon_hi: float = 1.0
 var ck_dice: Rng = null
 var ck_days: Queue<DayTurned> = null
 
-export function clock_bind(w: ClockWorld) -> void { ck_world = w }
-
 # the facts: each day that turned, in order; the game drains it and runs its morning
 export function clock_days() -> Queue<DayTurned> {
   if ck_days == null { ck_days = queue_new("clock.days") }
   return ck_days
 }
 
-function ck_owns() -> bool {
-  if ck_world == null or ck_world.owns_world == null { return true }
-  return ck_world.owns_world()
-}
+function ck_owns() -> bool { return ClockWorld.owns_world() }
 
-function ck_rest() -> float {
-  if ck_world == null or ck_world.rest_scale == null { return 1.0 }
-  return ck_world.rest_scale()
-}
+function ck_rest() -> float { return ClockWorld.rest_scale() }
 
 # when a trip starts, when the night is, and how long the moon's month is
 export function clock_config(start_hours: float, night_from: float, night_to: float) -> void {
diff --git a/packages/ludic.clock/tests/clock_test.ludic b/packages/ludic.clock/tests/clock_test.ludic
index f53c06f2..bbd81906 100644
--- a/packages/ludic.clock/tests/clock_test.ludic
+++ b/packages/ludic.clock/tests/clock_test.ludic
@@ -11,14 +11,11 @@ program ClockTest {
   function fake_rest() -> float { return rest }
   function fake_seed() -> int { return 42 }
 
+  bind ClockWorld { owns_world: fn fake_owns, rest_scale: fn fake_rest, seed: fn fake_seed }
+
   function fresh() -> void {
     owns = true
     rest = 1.0
-    let w = new ClockWorld
-    w.owns_world = fn fake_owns
-    w.rest_scale = fn fake_rest
-    w.seed = fn fake_seed
-    clock_bind(w)
     clock_config(8.0, 20.0, 6.0)
     clock_config_moon(29.5, 0.2, 0.8)
     clock_set_scale(60.0)
diff --git a/packages/ludic.clock/verbs.ludic b/packages/ludic.clock/verbs.ludic
index e0d8fe87..b2a8b2dd 100644
--- a/packages/ludic.clock/verbs.ludic
+++ b/packages/ludic.clock/verbs.ludic
@@ -35,9 +35,7 @@ export function clock_advance(gh: float) -> void {
 
 # a new trip: day one at the start hour, the moon somewhere in its month
 export function clock_reset() -> void {
-  var seed = 1
-  if ck_world != null and ck_world.seed != null { seed = ck_world.seed() }
-  ck_dice = rng_new(seed)
+  ck_dice = rng_new(ClockWorld.seed())
   ck_day = 1
   ck_hours = ck_start_hours
   ck_moon = rng_span(ck_dice, ck_moon_lo, ck_moon_hi) % 1.0
diff --git a/packages/ludic.effects/index.ludic b/packages/ludic.effects/index.ludic
index d65a10de..f424eb41 100644
--- a/packages/ludic.effects/index.ludic
+++ b/packages/ludic.effects/index.ludic
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # ludic.effects - a small ring of timed modifiers, each a kind (the game's number), a magnitude
 # in that kind's units, a time left and a label; the game asks the sum for a kind
-module ludic_effects
+module ludic_effects uses ludic_base
 numbers float
 import "ludic.base"
 import "state.ludic"
diff --git a/packages/ludic.inventory/README.md b/packages/ludic.inventory/README.md
index 460bf8db..a82d2f77 100644
--- a/packages/ludic.inventory/README.md
+++ b/packages/ludic.inventory/README.md
@@ -16,16 +16,18 @@ longer knows is dropped on load.
 ## The port
 
 ```ludic
-property PackRules {
-  stack_limit: fn(int) -> int   # how many of a kind fit (unbound: no limit)
+export port PackRules {
+  stack_limit: fn(int) -> int = ...   # how many of a kind fit (unbound: no limit)
 }
 ```
 
+The game fills it once, where it is put together: `bind PackRules { stack_limit: fn gear_stack }`.
+
 ## API
 
 | | |
 | --- | --- |
-| `inv_bind(r)`, `inv_config(keys)` | the port, and the kinds by name (the pack starts empty) |
+| `bind PackRules { ... }`, `inv_config(keys)` | the port (a declaration), and the kinds by name (the pack starts empty) |
 | `inv_add(it, n) -> int` | as many of `n` as there is room for; returns how many went in |
 | `inv_take(it, n) -> bool` | all `n` or none |
 | `inv_set(it, n)` | a count outright, room or not (a starting kit, a correction, the network's word); never below 0 |
diff --git a/packages/ludic.inventory/index.ludic b/packages/ludic.inventory/index.ludic
index 253d95e4..e01f4827 100644
--- a/packages/ludic.inventory/index.ludic
+++ b/packages/ludic.inventory/index.ludic
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # ludic.inventory - one pack of counts by item kind: the game names the kinds (so the save is by
 # name, never by position) and answers how many of one fit; every change is a fact on a queue
-module ludic_inventory
+module ludic_inventory uses ludic_base
 numbers float
 import "ludic.base"
 import "state.ludic"
diff --git a/packages/ludic.inventory/state.ludic b/packages/ludic.inventory/state.ludic
index e00f7d9c..e6315562 100644
--- a/packages/ludic.inventory/state.ludic
+++ b/packages/ludic.inventory/state.ludic
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 # state.ludic - the pack's port, its facts, and its counts
 # what the pack asks the game: how many of a kind fit (unbound: no limit)
-export property PackRules {
-  stack_limit: fn(int) -> int = null
+export port PackRules {
+  stack_limit: fn(int) -> int = fn iv_no_limit
 }
+function iv_no_limit(it: int) -> int { return 2147483647 }
 
 # a count changed, however: added, taken, or set outright
 export property ItemChanged {
@@ -11,13 +12,10 @@ export property ItemChanged {
   after: int = 0
 }
 
-var iv_rules: PackRules = null
 var iv_keys: []string = null
 var iv_counts: []int = null
 var iv_changes: Queue<ItemChanged> = null
 
-export function inv_bind(r: PackRules) -> void { iv_rules = r }
-
 # the kinds, by the name each is saved under; the pack starts empty
 export function inv_config(keys: []string) -> void {
   iv_keys = keys
@@ -42,8 +40,7 @@ export function inv_count(it: int) -> int {
 }
 
 export function inv_limit(it: int) -> int {
-  if iv_rules == null or iv_rules.stack_limit == null { return 2147483647 }
-  return iv_rules.stack_limit(it)
+  return PackRules.stack_limit(it)
 }
 
 # how many more fit
diff --git a/packages/ludic.inventory/tests/inventory_test.ludic b/packages/ludic.inventory/tests/inventory_test.ludic
index 0680c805..6511cc36 100644
--- a/packages/ludic.inventory/tests/inventory_test.ludic
+++ b/packages/ludic.inventory/tests/inventory_test.ludic
@@ -21,10 +21,9 @@ program InventoryTest {
     return k
   }
 
+  bind PackRules { stack_limit: fn limit }
+
   function fresh() -> void {
-    let r = new PackRules
-    r.stack_limit = fn limit
-    inv_bind(r)
     inv_config(names("wood", "rod", "fish"))
     inv_reset()
   }
diff --git a/packages/ludic.tracks/README.md b/packages/ludic.tracks/README.md
index b97054b5..65015f68 100644
--- a/packages/ludic.tracks/README.md
+++ b/packages/ludic.tracks/README.md
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ good as walking a trail.
 ## The port
 
 ```ludic
-property TracksWorld {
+export port TracksWorld {        # every member has a default, so any may be left out
   now: fn() -> float              # game hours counted from the start of the trip (unbound: 0)
   skill: fn() -> int              # the reader's tier; at tracks_config_reading's name_at it names the animal
   bearing: fn(float) -> string    # a yaw in words, "" for none (a reader with no compass)
@@ -28,11 +28,17 @@ property TracksWorld {
 }
 ```
 
+The game fills it once, where it is put together - a declaration, not a call:
+
+```ludic
+bind TracksWorld { now: fn rt_trip_hours, skill: fn track_skill, bearing: fn track_bearing, placed: fn track_mark_placed }
+```
+
 ## API
 
 | | |
 | --- | --- |
-| `tracks_bind(w)`, `tracks_config(kinds, cap)`, `tracks_config_reading(name_at, fresh, recent)` | the port; how many kinds and how many prints of each; the skill that names the animal and the ages (hours) under which a print is fresh or recent |
+| `bind TracksWorld { ... }`, `tracks_config(kinds, cap)`, `tracks_config_reading(name_at, fresh, recent)` | the port; how many kinds and how many prints of each; the skill that names the animal and the ages (hours) under which a print is fresh or recent |
 | `tracks_leave(kind, x, z, yaw, sp, legend) -> int`, `tracks_leave_at(..., made)` | a print, now or at another machine's time; returns its ring index |
 | `tracks_clear()` | the ground forgets every print (a new world); the reader keeps what it learned |
 | `tracks_nearest(x, z, r) -> int` | the nearest print within `r`, as a slot (`kind * cap + index`), or -1 |
diff --git a/packages/ludic.tracks/config.ludic b/packages/ludic.tracks/config.ludic
index 0d2b7507..7b4c3df4 100644
--- a/packages/ludic.tracks/config.ludic
+++ b/packages/ludic.tracks/config.ludic
@@ -22,16 +22,13 @@ export function tracks_config_reading(name_at: int, fresh: float, recent: float)
 }
 
 function tk_now() -> float {
-  if tk_world == null or tk_world.now == null { return 0.0 }
-  return tk_world.now()
+  return TracksWorld.now()
 }
 
 function tk_named() -> bool {
-  if tk_world == null or tk_world.skill == null { return true }
-  return tk_world.skill() >= tk_name_at
+  return TracksWorld.skill() >= tk_name_at
 }
 
 function tk_bearing(yaw: float) -> string {
-  if tk_world == null or tk_world.bearing == null { return "" }
-  return tk_world.bearing(yaw)
+  return TracksWorld.bearing(yaw)
 }
diff --git a/packages/ludic.tracks/index.ludic b/packages/ludic.tracks/index.ludic
index 1489c88d..509116de 100644
--- a/packages/ludic.tracks/index.ludic
+++ b/packages/ludic.tracks/index.ludic
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # ludic.tracks - a ring of prints per kind, each remembering who left it, which way it went and
 # when; reading one is a fact on a queue, and the game draws them through a hook
-module ludic_tracks
+module ludic_tracks uses ludic_base
 numbers float
 import "ludic.base"
 import "state.ludic"
diff --git a/packages/ludic.tracks/leave.ludic b/packages/ludic.tracks/leave.ludic
index e37c08ce..f24fe7a4 100644
--- a/packages/ludic.tracks/leave.ludic
+++ b/packages/ludic.tracks/leave.ludic
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ export function tracks_leave_at(kind: int, x: float, z: float, yaw: float, sp: i
   t.legend = legend
   t.made = made
   t.read = false
-  if tk_world != null and tk_world.placed != null { tk_world.placed(kind, i) }
+  TracksWorld.placed(kind, i)
   return i
 }
 
diff --git a/packages/ludic.tracks/state.ludic b/packages/ludic.tracks/state.ludic
index ca5a83cc..01c71eda 100644
--- a/packages/ludic.tracks/state.ludic
+++ b/packages/ludic.tracks/state.ludic
@@ -1,12 +1,16 @@
 # state.ludic - the port, the prints, the facts, and what the reader has learned
-# what the tracks ask the world. Any field may be left null: the time is then 0, the reader
-# can name every animal, no bearing is given, and nothing is drawn.
-export property TracksWorld {
-  now: fn() -> float = null              # game hours, counted from the start of the trip
-  skill: fn() -> int = null              # how well the reader reads (the game's tiers)
-  bearing: fn(float) -> string = null    # a yaw in words ("north-west"), "" for none
-  placed: fn(int, int) -> void = null    # a print was put down at (kind, ring index): draw it
+# what the tracks ask the world. Any member may be left out of the bind: the time is then 0,
+# the reader can name every animal, no bearing is given, and nothing is drawn.
+export port TracksWorld {
+  now: fn() -> float = fn tk_time_zero             # game hours, counted from the start of the trip
+  skill: fn() -> int = fn tk_every_skill           # how well the reader reads (the game's tiers)
+  bearing: fn(float) -> string = fn tk_no_bearing  # a yaw in words ("north-west"), "" for none
+  placed: fn(int, int) -> void = fn tk_not_drawn   # a print was put down at (kind, ring index): draw it
 }
+function tk_time_zero() -> float { return 0.0 }
+function tk_every_skill() -> int { return 2147483647 }
+function tk_no_bearing(yaw: float) -> string { return "" }
+function tk_not_drawn(kind: int, i: int) -> void { }
 
 # where a sign came from
 export const TRACK_PRINT: int = 0     # a print in a ring, read with tracks_read
@@ -43,7 +47,6 @@ export property TrackRead {
   first: bool = false
 }
 
-var tk_world: TracksWorld = null
 var tk_kinds: int = 0
 var tk_cap: int = 0
 var tk_ring: []Track = null        # kinds x cap, kind-major
@@ -57,7 +60,6 @@ var tk_yaw: float = 0.0            # the heading of the last sign read
 var tk_has_yaw: bool = false
 var tk_reads: Queue<TrackRead> = null
 
-export function tracks_bind(w: TracksWorld) -> void { tk_world = w }
 
 # the facts: every sign read, oldest first
 export function tracks_reads() -> Queue<TrackRead> {
diff --git a/packages/ludic.tracks/tests/tracks_test.ludic b/packages/ludic.tracks/tests/tracks_test.ludic
index 558cbe76..1521b519 100644
--- a/packages/ludic.tracks/tests/tracks_test.ludic
+++ b/packages/ludic.tracks/tests/tracks_test.ludic
@@ -21,17 +21,13 @@ program TracksTest {
     placed_last = i
   }
 
+  bind TracksWorld { now: fn fake_now, skill: fn fake_skill, bearing: fn fake_bearing, placed: fn fake_placed }
+
   function fresh() -> void {
     now = 10.0
     skill = 1
     placed_n = 0
     placed_last = -1
-    let w = new TracksWorld
-    w.now = fn fake_now
-    w.skill = fn fake_skill
-    w.bearing = fn fake_bearing
-    w.placed = fn fake_placed
-    tracks_bind(w)
     tracks_config(3, 4)
     tracks_config_reading(1, 0.5, 2.5)
     tracks_reset()
diff --git a/packages/ludic.wallet/index.ludic b/packages/ludic.wallet/index.ludic
index e1cdf14a..8f63fd25 100644
--- a/packages/ludic.wallet/index.ludic
+++ b/packages/ludic.wallet/index.ludic
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # ludic.wallet - one purse of whole money: verbs to earn, spend (only what is there) and lose (a
 # cost that happens anyway), a MoneyChanged fact per change, and its own save section
-module ludic_wallet
+module ludic_wallet uses ludic_base
 numbers float
 import "ludic.base"
 import "wallet.ludic"
diff --git a/packages/ludic.weather/README.md b/packages/ludic.weather/README.md
index ede40095..a606d6b0 100644
--- a/packages/ludic.weather/README.md
+++ b/packages/ludic.weather/README.md
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ property WeatherKind {
 ## The port
 
 ```ludic
-property WeatherWorld {
+export port WeatherWorld {         # every member has a default, so any may be left out
   owns_world: fn() -> bool        # does this machine run the world? (unbound: yes)
   hours: fn() -> float            # the hour, for the wind's daily turn (unbound: noon)
   is_night: fn() -> bool          # a front clearing at night is no WEATHER_CLEARED
@@ -47,10 +47,16 @@ property WeatherWorld {
   bias: fn() -> int               # what the story wants now: WEATHER_NO_BIAS, _WANT_WET, _HOLD, _WANT_CLEAR
   front: fn() -> int              # the kind a wanted front comes as (unbound: the first wet kind)
   front_hours: fn() -> float      # the least a wanted front lasts (never under 5)
-  seed: fn() -> int               # a new trip's dice
+  seed: fn() -> int               # a new trip's dice (unbound: 1)
 }
 ```
 
+The game fills it once, where it is put together - a declaration, not a call:
+
+```ludic
+bind WeatherWorld { owns_world: fn ses_owns_world, hours: fn clock_hours, odds: fn sky_odds }
+```
+
 The bias is asked every tick on the owner. `WANT_WET` on a dry sky forecasts a front
 (`WEATHER_FRONT`), due within an hour and a half; `HOLD` keeps the current spell going at least
 1.2 hours more; `WANT_CLEAR` clears within half an hour and keeps it clear. The game decides WHEN
@@ -60,7 +66,7 @@ it wants them (daylight, a tarp up, a stars job open).
 
 | | |
 | --- | --- |
-| `weather_bind(w)`, `weather_kinds(ks)`, `weather_config_wind(down, up, from, to)` | the port, the kinds, and the valley's wind: toward `down` by night, toward `up` from `from` to `to` |
+| `bind WeatherWorld { ... }`, `weather_kinds(ks)`, `weather_config_wind(down, up, from, to)` | the port, the kinds, and the valley's wind: toward `down` by night, toward `up` from `from` to `to` |
 | `weather_run(dt, gh)` | one step (the system's tick does this from `Tick.dt` and `Tick.hours`) |
 | `weather_morning()` | a new day's forecast: seven times in ten it becomes the next spell |
 | `weather_reset()` | a new trip: the first clear kind, nothing forecast, dice from the seed |
diff --git a/packages/ludic.weather/bias.ludic b/packages/ludic.weather/bias.ludic
index 71d8f81a..aa3aa2c6 100644
--- a/packages/ludic.weather/bias.ludic
+++ b/packages/ludic.weather/bias.ludic
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 # rain could wait a week for it; so while the world says it wants a front, one is forecast and
 # arrives within the hour and a half, and while it wants clear sky, the sky clears and holds.
 function wx_front_kind() -> int {
-  if wx_world != null and wx_world.front != null { return wx_world.front() }
-  return wx_first_wet()
+  return WeatherWorld.front()
 }
 
 function wx_want_wet() -> void {
diff --git a/packages/ludic.weather/config.ludic b/packages/ludic.weather/config.ludic
index 23631d03..76e7de50 100644
--- a/packages/ludic.weather/config.ludic
+++ b/packages/ludic.weather/config.ludic
@@ -32,25 +32,13 @@ function wx_first_wet() -> int {
   return 0
 }
 
-function wx_owns() -> bool {
-  if wx_world == null or wx_world.owns_world == null { return true }
-  return wx_world.owns_world()
-}
+function wx_owns() -> bool { return WeatherWorld.owns_world() }
 
-function wx_hours() -> float {
-  if wx_world == null or wx_world.hours == null { return 12.0 }
-  return wx_world.hours()
-}
+function wx_hours() -> float { return WeatherWorld.hours() }
 
-function wx_night() -> bool {
-  if wx_world == null or wx_world.is_night == null { return false }
-  return wx_world.is_night()
-}
+function wx_night() -> bool { return WeatherWorld.is_night() }
 
-function wx_bias() -> int {
-  if wx_world == null or wx_world.bias == null { return WEATHER_NO_BIAS }
-  return wx_world.bias()
-}
+function wx_bias() -> int { return WeatherWorld.bias() }
 
 function wx_wrap(a: float) -> float {
   var d = a
diff --git a/packages/ludic.weather/index.ludic b/packages/ludic.weather/index.ludic
index a1740237..735e811b 100644
--- a/packages/ludic.weather/index.ludic
+++ b/packages/ludic.weather/index.ludic
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # ludic.weather - the sky as a chain of spells: each kind is data the game hands in, the next is
 # drawn from odds the game may lean on, and what changed is a fact on a queue
-module ludic_weather
+module ludic_weather uses ludic_base
 numbers float
 import "ludic.base"
 import "state.ludic"
diff --git a/packages/ludic.weather/pick.ludic b/packages/ludic.weather/pick.ludic
index 28745854..d53ea6bd 100644
--- a/packages/ludic.weather/pick.ludic
+++ b/packages/ludic.weather/pick.ludic
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 # pick.ludic - the next spell, drawn from weights, and how long one lasts. The weights are the
 # kind's own unless the world leans on them (a season, a wet week); every draw is this package's
 function wx_odds(from: int) -> []float {
-  if wx_world != null and wx_world.odds != null { return wx_world.odds(from) }
-  return wx_kinds[from].odds
+  return WeatherWorld.odds(from)
 }
 
 # the kind a set of weights lands on; no weights (or all zero) keeps the kind it came from
diff --git a/packages/ludic.weather/run.ludic b/packages/ludic.weather/run.ludic
index e8918fdc..6f285c51 100644
--- a/packages/ludic.weather/run.ludic
+++ b/packages/ludic.weather/run.ludic
@@ -7,8 +7,7 @@ function wx_turn() -> void {
   wx_left = wx_spell_hours(wx_state)
   if wx_forced {
     wx_forced = false
-    var least = 5.0
-    if wx_world != null and wx_world.front_hours != null { least = Math.max(least, wx_world.front_hours()) }
+    let least = Math.max(5.0, WeatherWorld.front_hours())
     if wx_left < least { wx_left = least }
   }
   if wx_state == was { return }
diff --git a/packages/ludic.weather/state.ludic b/packages/ludic.weather/state.ludic
index 7a4e8911..b9cd1748 100644
--- a/packages/ludic.weather/state.ludic
+++ b/packages/ludic.weather/state.ludic
@@ -1,16 +1,24 @@
 # state.ludic - the port, the kinds, the facts, and what the sky holds
-# what the weather asks the world. Any field may be left null: the answer is then "yes, it is
-# mine", noon and daylight, the kind's own odds, no bias, the first wet kind, and a seed of 1.
-export property WeatherWorld {
-  owns_world: fn() -> bool = null
-  hours: fn() -> float = null
-  is_night: fn() -> bool = null
-  odds: fn(int) -> []float = null      # weights for the next spell, per kind, from this kind
-  bias: fn() -> int = null             # what the story wants now: WEATHER_* below
-  front: fn() -> int = null            # the kind a wanted front comes as
-  front_hours: fn() -> float = null    # the least a wanted front lasts once it arrives
-  seed: fn() -> int = null
+# what the weather asks the world. Any member may be left out of the bind: the answer is then
+# "yes, it is mine", noon and daylight, the kind's own odds, no bias, the first wet kind, and a
+# seed of 1.
+export port WeatherWorld {
+  owns_world: fn() -> bool = fn wx_owns_alone
+  hours: fn() -> float = fn wx_noon
+  is_night: fn() -> bool = fn wx_daylight
+  odds: fn(int) -> []float = fn wx_own_odds      # weights for the next spell, per kind, from this kind
+  bias: fn() -> int = fn wx_no_bias              # what the story wants now: WEATHER_* below
+  front: fn() -> int = fn wx_first_wet           # the kind a wanted front comes as
+  front_hours: fn() -> float = fn wx_no_hours    # the least a wanted front lasts once it arrives
+  seed: fn() -> int = fn wx_seed_one
 }
+function wx_owns_alone() -> bool { return true }
+function wx_noon() -> float { return 12.0 }
+function wx_daylight() -> bool { return false }
+function wx_own_odds(from: int) -> []float { return wx_kinds[from].odds }
+function wx_no_bias() -> int { return WEATHER_NO_BIAS }
+function wx_no_hours() -> float { return 0.0 }
+function wx_seed_one() -> int { return 1 }
 
 # what the story may ask of the sky
 export const WEATHER_NO_BIAS: int = 0
@@ -45,7 +53,6 @@ export property WeatherFact {
   from: int = 0
 }
 
-var wx_world: WeatherWorld = null
 var wx_kinds: []WeatherKind = null
 var wx_state: int = 0
 var wx_next: int = 0
@@ -64,8 +71,6 @@ var wx_wet_yesterday: bool = false
 var wx_dice: Rng = null
 var wx_facts: Queue<WeatherFact> = null
 
-export function weather_bind(w: WeatherWorld) -> void { wx_world = w }
-
 # the facts, oldest first; the game drains them into its notices and sounds
 export function weather_facts() -> Queue<WeatherFact> {
   if wx_facts == null { wx_facts = queue_new("weather.facts") }
diff --git a/packages/ludic.weather/tests/weather_test.ludic b/packages/ludic.weather/tests/weather_test.ludic
index 03fa386e..80d7f0e9 100644
--- a/packages/ludic.weather/tests/weather_test.ludic
+++ b/packages/ludic.weather/tests/weather_test.ludic
@@ -46,6 +46,16 @@ program WeatherTest {
     return k
   }
 
+  bind WeatherWorld {
+    owns_world: fn fake_owns
+    hours: fn fake_hours
+    is_night: fn fake_night
+    bias: fn fake_bias
+    seed: fn fake_seed
+    odds: fn fake_odds
+    front_hours: fn fake_front_hours
+  }
+
   # clear, rain and storm: clear always goes to rain, rain to storm, storm to clear
   function fresh() -> void {
     owns = true
@@ -57,15 +67,6 @@ program WeatherTest {
     push(ks, kind("rain", true, false, odds3(0.0, 0.0, 1.0)))
     push(ks, kind("storm", true, true, odds3(1.0, 0.0, 0.0)))
     weather_kinds(ks)
-    let w = new WeatherWorld
-    w.owns_world = fn fake_owns
-    w.hours = fn fake_hours
-    w.is_night = fn fake_night
-    w.bias = fn fake_bias
-    w.seed = fn fake_seed
-    w.odds = fn fake_odds
-    w.front_hours = fn fake_front_hours
-    weather_bind(w)
     weather_config_wind(0.5, 2.5, 10.0, 19.0)
     weather_reset()
   }
diff --git a/packages/ludic.weather/verbs.ludic b/packages/ludic.weather/verbs.ludic
index 47083fba..58090133 100644
--- a/packages/ludic.weather/verbs.ludic
+++ b/packages/ludic.weather/verbs.ludic
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 # verbs.ludic - the only way the sky changes from outside: a morning, a reset, the host's word
 # a new trip: clear sky, a still-ish wind, nothing forecast; the dice from the world's seed
 export function weather_reset() -> void {
-  var seed = 1
-  if wx_world != null and wx_world.seed != null { seed = wx_world.seed() }
-  wx_dice = rng_new(seed)
+  wx_dice = rng_new(WeatherWorld.seed())
   let clear = wx_clear_kind()
   wx_state = clear
   wx_next = clear