Merge scriptable properties: @Computed + @OnSpawn (ECS-safe subset)

Properties stay pure data; behavior is expressed as annotations that desugar to
handlers and inline expressions. @Computed (derived fields, no storage) and
@OnSpawn (spawn-time constructors). Behaviour-preserving; test.sh 15/15,
C-free fixpoint holds, goldens byte-identical.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>

LANGUAGE.md

@@ -281,11 +281,38 @@ for (Transform, Velocity) in query [Transform, Velocity, {Actor}]
 `Prop{constraint}` block reads its bare names as fields of `Prop`, and `on: Model`
 adds a `{Model}` tag filter. The body runs once per matching entity.
 
+**`@Computed` — a derived field.** A property field marked `@Computed` is **not
+stored**; `x.field` expands inline to its expression with the bare names read as
+fields of `x`. It reads like a field but costs nothing at runtime — no getter, no
+storage — so it doesn't reattach behavior to data:
+
+```ludic
+# doc-check: skip — a property with a derived field
+property Velocity {
+  dx: int = 0
+  dy: int = 0
+  @Computed speed2: int = dx * dx + dy * dy    # v.speed2  ==  v.dx*v.dx + v.dy*v.dy
+}
+```
+
+**`@OnSpawn` — a constructor.** `@OnSpawn(Model)` on a handler runs its body every
+time a `Model` is spawned, with the model's properties bound by name — a place to
+initialize an entity. It's a handler keyed to the spawn, not an observer on the
+data, so the ECS model is untouched:
+
+```ludic
+# doc-check: skip — a spawn hook
+@OnSpawn(Enemy)
+handler InitEnemy { Health.hp = Health.max }     # start every Enemy at full HP
+```
+
 **`@Handles` — the handlers a program drives.** Written in front of the
 `program`, `@Handles(Move)` names the handlers it uses. It parses and reads as
 documentation; every declared handler still runs (registration is implicit).
 
-See [`examples/annotations.ludic`](examples/annotations.ludic).
+See [`examples/annotations.ludic`](examples/annotations.ludic), which uses all
+four. (`@OnDespawn` and change-reactions are future work — despawn doesn't
+statically know an entity's model, and reactions need change-tracking.)
 
 ## Structs, arrays and slices
 

examples/annotations.ludic

@@ -1,22 +1,29 @@
-# annotations.ludic — the annotation-first style. A handler's query is an
-# @Queries decorator instead of a clause, and the program lists the handlers it
-# drives with @Handles. Both lower to the same code the older spellings did.
+# annotations.ludic — the annotation-first style. Behaviour is expressed with
+# @-decorators that desugar to plain handlers, queries and expressions, so the
+# properties stay pure data and the data-oriented model is untouched.
 
 @Handles(Move)
 program RPG2D {
   property Transform { x: int = 0, y: int = 0, scale: int = 1 }
-  property Velocity  { dx: int = 0, dy: int = 0 }
+  property Velocity {
+    dx: int = 0
+    dy: int = 0
+    @Computed speed2: int = dx * dx + dy * dy      # derived; no storage, inlined at use
+  }
   model Actor { Transform, Velocity }
 
+  # A constructor: every Actor starts visible. Runs at spawn with the model's
+  # properties bound by name — no per-frame cost, no observer machinery.
+  @OnSpawn(Actor)
+  handler InitActor { Transform.scale = 2 }
+
   handler Spawn phase Start {
-    spawn Actor { Transform { x: 0, scale: 2 }  Velocity { dx: 3, dy: 1 } }
-    spawn Actor { Transform { x: 0, scale: 0 }  Velocity { dx: 9, dy: 9 } }
+    spawn Actor { Transform { x: 0 }  Velocity { dx: 3, dy: 4 } }
+    spawn Actor { Transform { x: 0 }  Velocity { dx: 0, dy: 0 } }
   }
 
   # Move every Actor whose scale is positive and that is actually moving. The
-  # query lives in the annotation; each bound property is addressed by its own
-  # name in the body (`Transform`, `Velocity`), and a constraint like
-  # `Transform{scale > 0}` reads `scale` as a field of Transform.
+  # query is the decorator; each bound property is addressed by its own name.
   @Queries(these: [Transform{scale > 0}, Velocity{dx > 0 or dy > 0}], on: Actor)
   handler Move phase Update {
     Transform.x = Transform.x + Velocity.dx
@@ -24,7 +31,7 @@ program RPG2D {
   }
 
   handler Report phase Render {
-    for (t) in query [Transform] { print_int(t.x); print_int(t.y) }
+    for (t, v) in query [Transform, Velocity] { print_int(t.x); print_int(v.speed2) }
     quit()
   }
 }

selfhost/emit_core.ludic

@@ -140,6 +140,42 @@ fn find_fn(name: ptr) -> Node {
   return ptr_null()
 }
 
+# @Computed derived fields: a per-property (Prop.field -> expression) registry.
+# These are NOT stored in the component layout; `x.field` expands inline to the
+# expression with its bare names read as fields of `x`. Populated at parse time.
+var g_computed: []Node          # each: s = "Prop.field", ty = result type, a = expr
+
+fn register_computed(prop: ptr, field: ptr, ty: ptr, e: Node) -> void {
+  let cf = node(N_FIELD); cf.s = sconcat(prop, sconcat(".", field)); cf.ty = ty; cf.a = e
+  push(g_computed, cf)
+}
+fn computed_expr(prop: ptr, field: ptr) -> Node {
+  if ptr_is_null(prop) { return ptr_null() }
+  let key = sconcat(prop, sconcat(".", field))
+  let i = 0
+  while i < len(g_computed) { if streq(g_computed[i].s, key) { return g_computed[i].a };  i = i + 1 }
+  return ptr_null()
+}
+# best-effort static type of an expression (for computed-field lookup; emits nothing)
+fn static_type(e: Node) -> ptr {
+  if e.kind == E_ID { let li = loc_find(e.s);  if li >= 0 { return loc_ty[li] } }
+  return ptr_null()
+}
+
+# @OnSpawn(Model) hooks: a Model -> hook-body registry. Populated at parse time;
+# `spawn Model { … }` runs the body with the model's properties bound (like a
+# constructor). Spawn statically knows the model, so no runtime dispatch is needed.
+var g_onspawn: []Node           # each: s = Model name, a = hook body block
+
+fn register_onspawn(model: ptr, body: Node) -> void {
+  let n = node(N_BLOCK); n.s = model; n.a = body; push(g_onspawn, n)
+}
+fn onspawn_body(model: ptr) -> Node {
+  let i = 0
+  while i < len(g_onspawn) { if streq(g_onspawn[i].s, model) { return g_onspawn[i].a };  i = i + 1 }
+  return ptr_null()
+}
+
 # local variable environment
 fn loc_reset() -> void { nloc = 0 }
 fn loc_push(name: ptr, r: ptr, ty: ptr) -> void {

selfhost/emit_expr.ludic

@@ -157,6 +157,11 @@ fn emit_expr(e: Node) -> Val {
       let ord = enum_ordinal(e.a.s, e.s)
       if ord >= 0 { return val(itoa(ord), "int") }
     }
+    let bt = static_type(e.a)                    # `x.field` where field is @Computed -> inline it
+    if not ptr_is_null(bt) {
+      let cx = computed_expr(bt, e.s)
+      if not ptr_is_null(cx) { return emit_expr(qualify_fields(cx, e.a)) }
+    }
     let a = emit_member_addr(e);  return emit_load_at(a, g_addr_ty)
   }
   if e.kind == E_INDEX  { let a = emit_index_addr(e);   return emit_load_at(a, g_addr_ty) }

selfhost/emit_spawn.ludic

@@ -39,6 +39,22 @@ fn emit_init_component(e: ptr, comp: ptr, rec: Node) -> void {
   }
 }
 
+# bind each of a model's properties to entity `e`'s component storage, so an
+# @OnSpawn hook body can address them by name (like a query binding for one entity).
+fn emit_bind_props(model: Node, e: ptr) -> void {
+  let me = itoa(MAX_ENT)
+  let c = 0
+  while c < len(model.kids) {
+    let pname = model.kids[c].s
+    let slot = nreg()
+    emit("  ");  emit(slot);  emit(" = getelementptr inbounds [");  emit(me);  emit(" x %Cmp_");  emit(pname);  emit("], ptr @S_");  emit(pname);  emit(", i32 0, i32 ");  emit(e);  emit("\n")
+    let vslot = emit_alloca("ptr")
+    emit("  store ptr ");  emit(slot);  emit(", ptr ");  emit(vslot);  emit("\n")
+    loc_push(pname, vslot, pname)
+    c = c + 1
+  }
+}
+
 fn emit_spawn(st: Node) -> void {
   let e = emit_bind("call i32 @L_alloc()")
   let ak = find_arch_id(st.s)
@@ -56,6 +72,13 @@ fn emit_spawn(st: Node) -> void {
       emit_init_component(e, cn, rec)
       c = c + 1
     }
+    let ob = onspawn_body(st.s)                 # @OnSpawn(Model) hook runs after init
+    if not ptr_is_null(ob) {
+      let save = nloc
+      emit_bind_props(arch, e)
+      emit_block(ob)
+      nloc = save
+    }
   } else {
     let i = 0
     while i < len(st.kids) { emit_init_component(e, st.kids[i].s, st.kids[i].a);  i = i + 1 }

selfhost/parse.ludic

@@ -282,12 +282,14 @@ fn already_loaded(full: ptr) -> bool {
 fn parse_one_decl() -> void {
   let is_export = false
   let qspec: Node = ptr_null()
+  let onspawn_model: ptr = ptr_null()
   while is_op("@") {
     pi = pi + 1; let a = eat_id()             # collect a leading @annotation
     if streq(a, "export") { is_export = true }
-    if streq(a, "Queries") { qspec = parse_queries_anno() }   # @Queries(these: [...], on: ...)
+    else { if streq(a, "Queries") { qspec = parse_queries_anno() }   # @Queries(these: [...], on: ...)
+    else { if streq(a, "OnSpawn") { eat_op("("); onspawn_model = eat_id(); eat_op(")") }   # @OnSpawn(Model)
     else { if is_op("(") { let d = 0          # any other @anno(args) — parsed and skipped
-        while true { if is_op("(") { d = d + 1 };  if is_op(")") { d = d - 1 };  pi = pi + 1;  if d == 0 { break } } } }
+        while true { if is_op("(") { d = d + 1 };  if is_op(")") { d = d - 1 };  pi = pi + 1;  if d == 0 { break } } } } } }
     skipnl()
   }
   if is_id("import") { pi = pi + 1
@@ -303,6 +305,9 @@ fn parse_one_decl() -> void {
   if is_id("model") { push(prog, parse_archetype()); return }
   if is_id("handler") {
     let h = parse_system()
+    if not ptr_is_null(onspawn_model) {        # @OnSpawn(Model): a spawn hook, not a phased handler
+      register_onspawn(onspawn_model, h.a); return
+    }
     if not ptr_is_null(qspec) {               # @Queries wraps the body in its S_QUERY
       qspec.a = h.a
       let wrap = node(N_BLOCK); push(wrap.kids, qspec); h.a = wrap
@@ -346,6 +351,8 @@ fn maybe_splice_runtime() -> void {
 
 fn parse_program() -> void {
   prog = new []Node
+  g_computed = new []Node
+  g_onspawn = new []Node
   loaded_paths = new []ptr
   skipnl()
   g_game_name = "Ludic"

selfhost/parse_game.ludic

@@ -5,9 +5,13 @@
 fn parse_component() -> Node {
   pi = pi + 1; let n = node(N_COMP); n.s = eat_id(); skipnl(); eat_op("{")
   while true { skipnl(); if is_op("}") { break }
+    let is_computed = false
+    if is_op("@") { pi = pi + 1; let ann = eat_id(); if streq(ann, "Computed") { is_computed = true }; skipnl() }
     let f = node(N_FIELD); f.s = eat_id(); eat_op(":"); f.ty = ptype()
     if is_op("=") { pi = pi + 1; f.a = expr() }
-    push(n.kids, f); if is_op(",") { pi = pi + 1 } }
+    if is_computed { register_computed(n.s, f.s, f.ty, f.a) }   # derived: no storage
+    else { push(n.kids, f) }
+    if is_op(",") { pi = pi + 1 } }
   eat_op("}"); return n
 }
 
@@ -95,15 +99,21 @@ fn mk_and(a: Node, b: Node) -> Node {
   let n = node(E_BIN); n.s = "and"; n.a = a; n.b = b; return n
 }
 
-# In `Prop{scale > 0}` the bare names are fields of Prop; qualify each to
-# `Prop.field` (the binding var is the property name) for the desugared where.
-fn qualify_fields(e: Node, prop: ptr) -> Node {
+# Rewrite each bare identifier in `e` as `base.field` — used both by
+# `Prop{constraint}` (base is the property binding) and by @Computed field
+# expansion (base is the accessed value). Non-destructive: builds a fresh tree,
+# so a stored computed expression can be expanded at many access sites.
+fn qualify_fields(e: Node, base: Node) -> Node {
   if ptr_is_null(e) { return e }
   if e.kind == E_ID {
-    let m = node(E_MEMBER); let base = node(E_ID); base.s = prop; m.a = base; m.s = e.s; return m
+    let m = node(E_MEMBER); m.a = base; m.s = e.s; return m
+  }
+  if e.kind == E_BIN {
+    let n2 = node(E_BIN); n2.s = e.s; n2.a = qualify_fields(e.a, base); n2.b = qualify_fields(e.b, base); return n2
+  }
+  if e.kind == E_UN {
+    let n2 = node(E_UN); n2.s = e.s; n2.a = qualify_fields(e.a, base); return n2
   }
-  if e.kind == E_BIN { e.a = qualify_fields(e.a, prop); e.b = qualify_fields(e.b, prop); return e }
-  if e.kind == E_UN  { e.a = qualify_fields(e.a, prop); return e }
   return e
 }
 
@@ -124,7 +134,8 @@ fn parse_queries_anno() -> Node {
         let pname = eat_id()
         let v = node(E_ID); v.s = pname; push(qn.kids, v)              # binding var = property name
         let t = node(E_ID); t.s = pname; t.ival = 0; push(terms.kids, t)
-        if is_op("{") { pi = pi + 1; let ce = expr(); eat_op("}"); wh = mk_and(wh, qualify_fields(ce, pname)) }
+        if is_op("{") { pi = pi + 1; let ce = expr(); eat_op("}")
+          let cb = node(E_ID); cb.s = pname; wh = mk_and(wh, qualify_fields(ce, cb)) }
         if is_op(",") { pi = pi + 1 }
         skipnl()
       }

test.sh

@@ -50,10 +50,11 @@ qsmoke() {  # name
   else bad "$n: $(tail -1 /tmp/qs.out)"; fi
 }
 qsmoke qdecl
-# @Queries desugars to a query loop; @Handles parses. Check the desugared behavior.
+# The annotation DSL: @Queries desugars to a query, @Computed inlines a derived
+# field, @OnSpawn runs a constructor, @Handles parses. Check the composite output.
 if ./selfhost/game-build.sh build/ludicc examples/annotations.ludic "/tmp/ludic_ann" >/tmp/ann.out 2>&1 \
-   && [ "$(/tmp/ludic_ann | tr '\n' ' ')" = "3 1 0 0 " ]; then
-  ok "annotations.ludic (@Queries desugars to a query, @Handles parses)"
+   && [ "$(/tmp/ludic_ann </dev/null | tr '\n' ' ')" = "3 25 0 0 " ]; then
+  ok "annotations.ludic (@Queries / @Computed / @OnSpawn / @Handles)"
 else bad "annotations: $(tail -1 /tmp/ann.out)"; fi
 # --- Toolchain-agent CLI smoke tests append below this line ---
 echo "== self-hosted front-end binaries (ludicc / ludic) =="