feat(compiler): list literals, typed compound assignment, file:line diagnostics

- `[a, b, c]` list literals (E_LIST → emit_list); static_type learns
  slice-element, `new T`, list, string and literal kinds
- `x op= y` lowers through the same path as `x = x op y` (emit_bin_vals):
  fixed `*=`/`/=` use the Q16.16 64-bit paths, string `+=` concatenates,
  int→long widens; unary `-` keeps a fixed operand's type (arith_ty)
- one `unescape()` table for "strings", 'chars' and `interpolation`;
  `'\''`, `'\\'`, `'\"'` no longer read as 0; unterminated char literals
  and unexpected characters are errors instead of silently skipped
- every diagnostic is `file:line: error: msg` (g_parse_file / g_err_file,
  Node.file + Node.line set by node()); tok_desc() in expectation errors;
  duplicate `function` names and unknown `phase` names are reported in
  source terms (phase_id used to default unknown phases to Overlay)
- interpolation holes skip braces inside string literals
- hand-IR preludes move from the user `@fn_` prefix to `@lp_` so a user
  `is_ws` / `str_eq` / `path_join` no longer collides at link time
- `@ClearColor(expr)` accepts any constant expression; `Os.pid()` added
  (docs page + inventory); `str_starts()` in support/str
- main.ludic: `else if` flag ladder, char literals, stale script comments
- examples/lang/operators.ludic covers all of the above; os.ludic covers
  Os.pid; docs pages for Os.pid and the Overlay phase; ten changesets
- reseeded: selfhost/ludicc.seed.ll is the new compiler's own fixpoint

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>

changes/char-escapes.md

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+bump: patch
+type: fix
+Character literals accept the same escapes as strings (`'\''`, `'\\'` and `'\"'` were silently read as 0); an unterminated character literal is now an error.

changes/clearcolor-expr.md

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+bump: patch
+type: feat
+`@ClearColor(expr)` takes any constant expression, so a named palette colour (`@ClearColor(COLOR_FLOOR)`) works as well as a hex literal.

changes/compound-assign-types.md

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+bump: patch
+type: fix
+`x += y` / `-=` / `*=` / `/=` now lower exactly like `x = x op y`: a Q16.16 `fixed` multiplies and divides through the 64-bit path, a string `+=` concatenates, and an `int` added to a `long` widens (they previously emitted raw integer arithmetic on the LLVM type).

changes/diagnostics-file-line.md

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+bump: minor
+type: feat
+Every compiler diagnostic is reported as `file:line: error: message` — the file the line really lives in, even through imports — so editors can jump to it. Unexpected characters are errors (they used to be skipped silently), and defining one `function` twice is reported in source terms instead of failing in the IR assembler.

changes/formatter-brackets.md

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+bump: patch
+type: fix
+`ludic-fmt` keeps `rows[i]`, `new []int`, `s[a..b]`, `emit(…)`, `~x` and list-literal braces tight, and recognises `<< >> & | ^ ~` as operators.

changes/interp-braces.md

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+bump: patch
+type: fix
+A `{` or `}` inside a string literal within an interpolation hole (`` `{f("{")}` ``) is text, not structure; the hole scanner used to miscount it.

changes/list-literals.md

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+bump: minor
+type: feat
+`[a, b, c]` list literals build a slice in place; the first element fixes the element type, later elements must match, and `[]` is an error (use `new []T`). Tables of records read as `[Row { … }, Row { … }]`.

changes/os-pid.md

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+bump: minor
+type: feat
+`Os.pid()` returns the process id, for scratch files that concurrent runs of one tool must not share.

changes/prelude-symbol-prefix.md

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+bump: patch
+type: fix
+Hand-written runtime preludes (string, Os.*, Fs.*, Crypto.*, …) now live under their own `@lp_` symbol prefix, so a user `function` named `is_ws`, `str_eq`, `path_join` and the like no longer collides with them at link time.

changes/unary-minus-fixed.md

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+bump: patch
+type: fix
+Unary minus keeps its operand type: `-f` on a `fixed` is a `fixed` (it was typed `int`, which broke mixed arithmetic and comparisons).

docs/language/anim/anim-finished.md

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ program Demo {
   model Boom { Blast }
   handler Run phase Update {
     Blast.timer = Blast.timer + Time.delta()
-    if Anim.finished(Blast.timer, 15, 6) { despawn(self()) }
+    if Anim.finished(Blast.timer, 15, 6) { despawn (self()) }
   }
 }
 ```

docs/language/annotations/annot-clearcolor.md

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ tip: Declare a clear colour so the Render phase auto-clears + auto-presents for
 order: 62
 ---
 
-<code>@ClearColor(N)</code> declares the framebuffer clear colour (a <code>0x00RRGGBB</code> integer) so the engine owns the per-frame clear and present: at the top of the Render phase it clears the framebuffer to <code>N</code>, and after all Render handlers run it presents the frame — so a game's Render handler carries no <code>Screen.clear</code> / <code>Screen.show</code> boilerplate, and the colour is configured declaratively rather than written in the handler body. It is opt-in: a program with no <code>@ClearColor</code> is byte-for-byte identical (it clears and presents itself, or the light system owns the present). Place it on the program's Render handler (or any declaration — it is program-wide).
+<code>@ClearColor(N)</code> declares the framebuffer clear colour (a <code>0x00RRGGBB</code> integer) so the engine owns the per-frame clear and present: at the top of the Render phase it clears the framebuffer to <code>N</code>, and after all Render handlers run it presents the frame — so a game's Render handler carries no <code>Screen.clear</code> / <code>Screen.show</code> boilerplate, and the colour is configured declaratively rather than written in the handler body. It is opt-in: a program with no <code>@ClearColor</code> is byte-for-byte identical (it clears and presents itself, or the light system owns the present). Place it on the program's Render handler (or any declaration — it is program-wide). The argument is any constant expression — a hex literal, a `Color.*` name, or a `const` from your palette.
 
 ```ludic
 program ClearColorDemo {

docs/language/annotations/annot-ondespawn.md

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ program DespawnHook {
 
   @OnDespawn(Enemy, reason: teardown_reason) handler DropLoot {
     match teardown_reason {
-      EndReason.Quit => {}                            # app closing — do not drop loot
+      EndReason.Quit => { }                            # app closing — do not drop loot
       _              => { print(Loot.gold) }          # died in-world — award the gold
     }
   }

docs/language/annotations/annot-sync.md

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ These are the two declarative switches at the top of Ludic's networking: <code>@
 ```ludic
 program SyncedWorld {
   @Sync property Position { column: int = 0, row: int = 0 }   # every field replicable
-  property Health { @Sync current: int = 0, maximum: int = 0 } # only current replicable
+  property Health { @Sync current: int = 0, maximum: int = 0 }  # only current replicable
 
   @Owned model Player { @Sync Position, @Sync Health }         # participates -> column,row,current
   model Scenery { Position }                                   # not @Sync here -> never replicates

docs/language/builtins/fn-ui_build.md

@@ -24,19 +24,19 @@ program TitleMenu {
   }
 
   handler Boot phase Start {
-    title_font = font_load("/System/Library/Fonts/Supplemental/Arial.ttf")
+    title_font = Font.load("/System/Library/Fonts/Supplemental/Arial.ttf")
     ui_build()
-    ui_open(UI_MainMenu)
+    Ui.open(UI_MainMenu)
   }
 
   handler Navigate phase Update {
-    ui_tick(Input.key())
-    if ui_clicked(UI_Quit) { quit() }
+    Ui.tick(Input.key())
+    if Ui.clicked(UI_Quit) { quit() }
   }
 
   handler DrawWorld phase Render {
     Screen.clear(Color.MidnightBlue)
-    ui_render()
+    Ui.render()
     Screen.show()
   }
 }

docs/language/hash/hash-crc32.md

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ program Checksum {
     let data = "save:level=3;coins=120"
     let ck = Hash.crc32(data)     # store this next to the save; recompute on load
     print(ck)
-    print(Hash.crc32(data) == ck) # 1 — unchanged data checks out
+    print(Hash.crc32(data) == ck)  # 1 — unchanged data checks out
   }
 }
 ```

docs/language/light/light-clear_gel.md

@@ -21,9 +21,9 @@ program Demo {
     Screen.clear(0)
     Light.ambient(Color.rgb(24, 24, 32))
     Light.gel(Color.rgb(40, 60, 160))
-    Light.point(60, 60, 60, Color.rgb(255, 200, 120), 1.0) # gelled
+    Light.point(60, 60, 60, Color.rgb(255, 200, 120), 1.0)  # gelled
     Light.clear_gel()
-    Light.point(150, 60, 60, Color.rgb(255, 240, 200), 1.0) # flat again
+    Light.point(150, 60, 60, Color.rgb(255, 240, 200), 1.0)  # flat again
     Screen.show()
   }
 }

docs/language/light/light-gel.md

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ program Demo {
     Screen.clear(0)
     Light.ambient(Color.rgb(24, 24, 32))
     Light.gel(Color.rgb(40, 60, 160))                      # cool blue rim
-    Light.point(80, 60, 70, Color.rgb(255, 200, 120), 1.0) # warm core
+    Light.point(80, 60, 70, Color.rgb(255, 200, 120), 1.0)  # warm core
     Light.clear_gel()
     Screen.show()
   }

docs/language/operators/op-access.md

@@ -13,5 +13,5 @@ The access operators reach into a compound value. `value.field` reads or writes
 ```ludic
 let head_column: int = segments[0].column
 segments[0].column = head_column + 1
-let extension: string = file_name[len(file_name) - 4 .. len(file_name)]
+let extension: string = file_name[len(file_name) - 4..len(file_name)]
 ```

docs/language/os/os-pid.md

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+---
+id: os-pid
+name: Os.pid
+category: os
+kind: namespace-method
+tokens: Os.pid
+sig: Os.pid() -> int
+tip: This process's id.
+order: 18
+ns: Os
+member: pid
+---
+
+The operating system's id for this process — unique among the processes alive right now, so it is the natural suffix for scratch files that concurrent runs of the same tool must not share.
+
+```ludic
+program Pid {
+  entry {
+    let scratch = `{Os.temp_dir()}/mytool_{Os.pid()}.log`
+    print(len(scratch) > 0)
+  }
+}
+```

docs/language/phases/phase-overlay.md

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+---
+id: phase-overlay
+name: Overlay
+category: phases
+kind: phase
+tokens: Overlay
+sig: phase Overlay
+tip: The HUD pass — runs after Render and after every engine-owned drawing system.
+order: 6
+---
+
+`Overlay` runs after `Render` and after every engine-owned drawing system (sprites, lights, the scene's `shows` menu), so a `handler … phase Overlay` paints on top of the finished world: health bars, score, prompts, a boss bar. With `@ClearColor` the engine owns the clear and the present, so an `Overlay` handler only draws — no `Screen.clear`, no `Screen.show`. Like `Render`, it should read the world and never change it.
+
+```ludic
+program OverlayExample {
+  property Position { column: int = 0, row: int = 0 }
+  model Player { Position }
+
+  const TILE_SIZE: int = 16
+  var score: int = 0
+
+  handler PlacePlayer phase Start {
+    spawn Player { Position { column: 5, row: 6 } }
+  }
+
+  @ClearColor(Color.MidnightBlue)
+  handler DrawWorld phase Render {
+    for (current_position) in query [Position, {Player}] {
+      Screen.fill_rectangle(
+        x: current_position.column * TILE_SIZE,
+        y: current_position.row * TILE_SIZE,
+        width: TILE_SIZE, height: TILE_SIZE, color: Color.LimeGreen)
+    }
+  }
+
+  handler DrawHud phase Overlay {
+    Screen.draw_text(x: 6, y: 4, text: "SCORE", color: Color.White, scale: 1)
+    Screen.draw_number(x: 52, y: 4, value: score, color: Color.Gold, scale: 1)
+  }
+}
+```

docs/language/random/random-int.md

@@ -20,6 +20,6 @@ program Demo {
     let idx = Random.int(list_count)
   }
 }
-  }
+}
 }
 ```

docs/language/random/random-sign.md

@@ -20,6 +20,6 @@ program Demo {
     let dir = Random.sign()
   }
 }
-  }
+}
 }
 ```

docs/language/random/random-value.md

@@ -20,6 +20,6 @@ program Demo {
     let t = Random.value()
   }
 }
-  }
+}
 }
 ```

docs/language/structure/kw-ui.md

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ tip: Declare a retained widget tree as data; the engine lays it out and draws it
 order: 50
 ---
 
-A <code>ui</code> block declares a <b>retained</b> widget tree as data — panels, labels and buttons — and hands layout, drawing and keyboard focus to the engine, so you describe the interface once instead of repainting it every frame. Widget types are `panel` (a container with optional skin/background/border), `col`/`row` (pure stacks), `label`, `button` (focusable), `image` and `spacer`, and their props are evaluated at build time, so `font: title_font` reads a value the program set first. Each `id: Name` mints a `UI_Name` handle you drive from handlers: call `ui_build()` then `ui_open(UI_MainMenu)` at start, `ui_tick(Input.key())` each update to move focus and activate, and `ui_clicked(UI_Name)` to react. Draw it during `Render` with `ui_render()` between `Screen.clear` and `Screen.show()`.
+A <code>ui</code> block declares a <b>retained</b> widget tree as data — panels, labels and buttons — and hands layout, drawing and keyboard focus to the engine, so you describe the interface once instead of repainting it every frame. Widget types are `panel` (a container with optional skin/background/border), `col`/`row` (pure stacks), `label`, `button` (focusable), `image` and `spacer`, and their props are evaluated at build time, so `font: title_font` reads a value the program set first. Each `id: Name` mints a `UI_Name` handle you drive from handlers: call `Ui.build()` then `Ui.open(UI_MainMenu)` at start, `Ui.tick(Input.key())` each update to move focus and activate, and `Ui.clicked(UI_Name)` to react. Draw it during `Render` with `Ui.render()` between `Screen.clear` and `Screen.show()`.
 
 ```ludic
 program TitleScreen {
@@ -24,19 +24,19 @@ program TitleScreen {
   }
 
   handler Boot phase Start {
-    title_font = font_load("/System/Library/Fonts/Supplemental/Arial.ttf")
-    ui_build()
-    ui_open(UI_MainMenu)
+    title_font = Font.load("/System/Library/Fonts/Supplemental/Arial.ttf")
+    Ui.build()
+    Ui.open(UI_MainMenu)
   }
 
   handler Navigate phase Update {
-    ui_tick(Input.key())
-    if ui_clicked(UI_Quit) { quit() }
+    Ui.tick(Input.key())
+    if Ui.clicked(UI_Quit) { quit() }
   }
 
   handler DrawWorld phase Render {
     Screen.clear(Color.MidnightBlue)
-    ui_render()
+    Ui.render()
     Screen.show()
   }
 }

examples/README.md

@@ -81,6 +81,7 @@ over the compiler's built-in loopback transport with zero foreign code.
 | [`lang/toggle.ludic`](lang/toggle.ludic) | enable/disable at the three ECS scopes. |
 | [`lang/scenes.ludic`](lang/scenes.ludic) | One active scene at a time, handlers grouped into layers. |
 | [`lang/strings.ludic`](lang/strings.ludic) | Strings as values: compare, join, interpolate, slice. |
+| [`lang/operators.ludic`](lang/operators.ludic) | Compound assignment on every type, unary minus, char escapes, list literals. |
 | [`lang/rng_demo.ludic`](lang/rng_demo.ludic) | The `Random.*` extensions (value/int/sign). |
 | [`lang/time_demo.ludic`](lang/time_demo.ludic) | `Time.frame` / `elapsed` / `delta`. |
 | [`lang/offline_rewards.ludic`](lang/offline_rewards.ludic) | A worked idle-game example over the Time/Date/Duration stdlib. |

examples/lang/annotations.ludic

@@ -24,10 +24,10 @@ program RPG2D {
 
   # Move every Actor whose scale is positive and that is actually moving. The
   # query is the decorator; each bound property is addressed by its own name.
-  @Queries(these: [Transform{scale > 0}, Velocity{dx > 0 or dy > 0}], on: Actor)
+  @Queries(these: [Transform { scale > 0 }, Velocity { dx > 0 or dy > 0 }], on: Actor)
   handler Move phase Update {
-    Transform.x = Transform.x + Velocity.dx
-    Transform.y = Transform.y + Velocity.dy
+    Transform.x += Velocity.dx
+    Transform.y += Velocity.dy
   }
 
   handler Report phase Render {

examples/lang/operators.ludic

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+# operators.ludic — compound assignment (`+= -= *= /=`) is exactly `x = x op y`,
+# whatever the type: Q16.16 `fixed` multiplies through the 64-bit path, strings
+# concatenate, an `int` added to a `long` widens. Unary minus keeps its operand's
+# type, character literals accept the same escapes as strings, and `[a, b, c]`
+# builds a slice in place. Running it prints: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
+program Operators {
+  entry {
+    var f: fixed = 1.5
+    f *= 2.0
+    if f == 3.0 { print(1) }                          # fixed *= is a Q16.16 multiply, not a raw mul
+    f /= 4.0
+    if f == 0.75 { print(2) }
+    let neg: fixed = -f
+    if neg + f == 0.0 { print(3) }                    # -fixed is still a fixed
+
+    var s = "ab"
+    s += "cd"
+    if s == "abcd" { print(4) }                       # string += concatenates
+
+    var n = 40
+    n += 2
+    n -= 1
+    n *= 2
+    n /= 3
+    if n == 27 { print(5) }
+
+    var big: long = 1
+    big += n                                          # int widens into the long
+    if big == 28 { print(6) }
+
+    if '\'' == 39 and '\\' == 92 and '\n' == 10 { print(7) }   # char escapes mirror string escapes
+    if "q\"b\\c" == `q"b\\c` { print(8) }                 # "…" and `…` share one escape table
+    if `{Text.length("{")}{Text.length("}")}` != "11" { print(0) }   # braces inside a hole's string are text
+
+    let primes = [2, 3, 5, 7]                         # a list literal is a fresh slice
+    if len(primes) == 4 and primes[3] == 7 { print(9) }
+    let names = ["ember", "depths"]
+    if names[1] == "depths" { print(10) }
+  }
+}

examples/lang/qdecl.ludic

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ program QueryDecl {
 
   # a per-property constraint `Battle{...}` qualifies its bare fields to that
   # property; `on: Foe` adds the {Foe} kind filter.
-  @Queries(these: [Battle{hp <= 0 and side == 1}, Pos], on: Foe)
+  @Queries(these: [Battle { hp <= 0 and side == 1 }, Pos], on: Foe)
   handler CleanBattle phase LateUpdate {
     print(Pos.x)
     despawn self()

examples/lang/scenes.ludic

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ program SceneDemo {
     on exit  { print(2) }
     layer Main {
       handler Tick phase Update {
-        counter = counter + 1
+        counter += 1
         print(100 + counter)
         if counter >= 2 { become Play }
       }
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ program SceneDemo {
     on exit  { print(4) }
     layer World {
       handler Step phase Update {
-        counter = counter + 1
+        counter += 1
         print(200 + counter)
         if counter >= 2 { quit() }
       }

examples/lang/strings.ludic

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # strings.ludic — strings are values: compare with ==/!=, join with +, or (best)
-# interpolate with `backticks {expr}`. Running it prints: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
+# interpolate with `backticks {expr}`. Running it prints: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
 program Strings {
   entry {
     let greeting = "hello"
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ program Strings {
     # build up a string in a loop
     var line = ""
     var i = 0
-    while i < 3 { line = line + "ab"; i = i + 1 }
+    while i < 3 { line += "ab"; i += 1 }
     if line == "ababab" { print(4) }
 
     if (greeting + who) != greeting { print(5) }

examples/library/os.ludic

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 # host input, so instead of fixed answers we assert the invariants that must hold
 # regardless of where it runs: an env var round-trips, env_or falls back when a
 # var is unset, unset removes it, args() agrees with arg_count(), and the host
-# facts and known folders are all non-empty. Running it prints: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
+# facts and known folders are all non-empty. Running it prints: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
 program Os {
   entry {
     # environment variables round-trip through set/get
@@ -30,8 +30,11 @@ program Os {
     if len(Os.save_dir("MyGame")) > 0 { print(11) }
     if len(Os.temp_dir()) > 0 { print(12) }
 
+    # the process id is a live, positive OS handle
+    if Os.pid() > 0 { print(13) }
+
     # diagnostics go to stderr, so they never disturb this program's stdout
     Os.stderr_write("os.ludic: hello from stderr\n")
-    print(13)
+    print(14)
   }
 }

selfhost/backend/emit_call.ludic

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ function ns_lower(s: pointer) -> pointer {
   let n = cstr_len(s)
   let b = bytes(n + 1)
   var i = 0
-  while i < n { var c = s[i];  if (c >= 65) and (c <= 90) { c = c + 32 };  b[i] = c;  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < n { var c = s[i];  if (c >= 'A') and (c <= 'Z') { c += 32 };  b[i] = c;  i += 1 }
   b[n] = 0
   return b
 }
@@ -437,7 +437,7 @@ function emit_ns_call(ns: pointer, meth: pointer, e: Node) -> Val {
     if (meth == "mouse_down")   { bare = "input_mouse_down";   push(labels, "button") }
     if (meth == "wheel")        { bare = "input_wheel" }
     if (meth == "set_mouse")    { bare = "input_set_mouse";    push(labels, "x"); push(labels, "y"); push(labels, "buttons"); push(labels, "wheel") }
-    if (meth == "pad_connected"){ bare = "input_pad_connected"; push(labels, "pad") }
+    if (meth == "pad_connected") { bare = "input_pad_connected"; push(labels, "pad") }
     if (meth == "pad_button")   { bare = "input_pad_button";   push(labels, "pad"); push(labels, "button") }
     if (meth == "pad_axis")     { bare = "input_pad_axis";     push(labels, "pad"); push(labels, "axis") }
     if (meth == "set_pad")      { bare = "input_set_pad";      push(labels, "pad"); push(labels, "connected"); push(labels, "buttons"); push(labels, "lx"); push(labels, "ly"); push(labels, "rx"); push(labels, "ry") }
@@ -475,7 +475,7 @@ function emit_ns_call(ns: pointer, meth: pointer, e: Node) -> Val {
     if (meth == "open")      { bare = "http_open";        push(labels, "method"); push(labels, "url") }
     if (meth == "set")       { bare = "http_set_header";  push(labels, "handle"); push(labels, "name"); push(labels, "value") }
     if (meth == "body")      { bare = "http_body";        push(labels, "handle"); push(labels, "body") }
-    if (meth == "body_bytes"){ bare = "http_body_n";      push(labels, "handle"); push(labels, "bytes"); push(labels, "len") }
+    if (meth == "body_bytes") { bare = "http_body_n";      push(labels, "handle"); push(labels, "bytes"); push(labels, "len") }
     if (meth == "send")      { bare = "http_send_req";    push(labels, "handle") }
     if (meth == "poll")      { bare = "http_poll";        push(labels, "handle") }
     if (meth == "status")    { bare = "http_status_of";   push(labels, "handle") }
@@ -863,10 +863,10 @@ function emit_ns_call(ns: pointer, meth: pointer, e: Node) -> Val {
     if (meth == "cell_x")       { bare = "tmap_cell_sx";      push(labels, "map"); push(labels, "x"); push(labels, "y") }
     if (meth == "cell_y")       { bare = "tmap_cell_sy";      push(labels, "map"); push(labels, "x"); push(labels, "y") }
     if (meth == "layer_kind")   { bare = "tmap_layer_kind";   push(labels, "map"); push(labels, "layer") }
-    if (meth == "layer_opacity"){ bare = "tmap_layer_opacity"; push(labels, "map"); push(labels, "layer") }
+    if (meth == "layer_opacity") { bare = "tmap_layer_opacity"; push(labels, "map"); push(labels, "layer") }
     if (meth == "layer_tint")   { bare = "tmap_layer_tint";   push(labels, "map"); push(labels, "layer") }
-    if (meth == "layer_offsetx"){ bare = "tmap_layer_offsetx"; push(labels, "map"); push(labels, "layer") }
-    if (meth == "layer_offsety"){ bare = "tmap_layer_offsety"; push(labels, "map"); push(labels, "layer") }
+    if (meth == "layer_offsetx") { bare = "tmap_layer_offsetx"; push(labels, "map"); push(labels, "layer") }
+    if (meth == "layer_offsety") { bare = "tmap_layer_offsety"; push(labels, "map"); push(labels, "layer") }
     # P6 (#74): .world stitching
     if (meth == "world")       { bare = "tiled_read_world";  push(labels, "path") }
     if (meth == "world_count") { bare = "tiled_world_count"; push(labels, "world") }
@@ -886,7 +886,7 @@ function emit_ns_call(ns: pointer, meth: pointer, e: Node) -> Val {
     if (nsfn != null) {
       let names = param_labels(nsfn)
       var pi2 = 0
-      while pi2 < len(names) { push(labels, names[pi2]);  pi2 = pi2 + 1 }
+      while pi2 < len(names) { push(labels, names[pi2]);  pi2 += 1 }
     }
   }
   if (bare == null) { perr(`unknown builtin {ns}.{meth}`) }
@@ -914,7 +914,7 @@ function emit_variant_new(en: Node, ord: int, args: []Node) -> Val {
     let p = nreg();  emit("  ");  emit(p);  emit(" = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr ");  emit(box)
     emit(", i32 ");  emit(itoa(8 * (k + 1)));  emit("\n")
     emit("  store ");  emit(llty(pty));  emit(" ");  emit(cv);  emit(", ptr ");  emit(p);  emit("\n")
-    k = k + 1
+    k += 1
   }
   return val(box, en.s)
 }
@@ -1008,9 +1008,9 @@ function emit_call(e: Node) -> Val {
   if (name == "string") {                            # string(x): int/bool/fixed/long -> text, a string passes through
     let a = emit_expr(e.kids[0])
     if (llty(a.ty) == "ptr") { return a }
-    if (llty(a.ty) == "i64") { g_uses_longstr = true;  return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @fn_long_str(i64 {a.code})`), "string") }
+    if (llty(a.ty) == "i64") { g_uses_longstr = true;  return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @lp_long_str(i64 {a.code})`), "string") }
     g_uses_intstr = true
-    return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @fn_int_str(i32 {a.code})`), "string")
+    return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @lp_int_str(i32 {a.code})`), "string")
   }
   if (name == "print") {                          # print(x): a value + newline (string, long, or int)
     let a = emit_expr(e.kids[0])
@@ -1230,7 +1230,7 @@ function emit_call(e: Node) -> Val {
     let eargs = new []pointer
     let eatys = new []pointer
     var ei = 0
-    while ei < len(e.kids) { let v = emit_expr(e.kids[ei]);  push(eargs, v.code);  push(eatys, v.ty);  ei = ei + 1 }
+    while ei < len(e.kids) { let v = emit_expr(e.kids[ei]);  push(eargs, v.code);  push(eatys, v.ty);  ei += 1 }
     let erl = llty(ext.ty)
     emit("  ")
     var erreg = "0"
@@ -1240,7 +1240,7 @@ function emit_call(e: Node) -> Val {
     while ei < len(eargs) {
       if ei > 0 { emit(", ") }
       emit(llty(eatys[ei]));  emit(" ");  emit(eargs[ei])
-      ei = ei + 1
+      ei += 1
     }
     emit(")\n")
     return val(erreg, ext.ty)
@@ -1270,7 +1270,7 @@ function emit_call(e: Node) -> Val {
     let v = emit_expr(e.kids[i])
     var pty = v.ty
     if (i < len(ptys)) { pty = ptys[i] }
-    push(args, coerce_code(v, pty));  push(atys, pty);  i = i + 1
+    push(args, coerce_code(v, pty));  push(atys, pty);  i += 1
   }
   let rl = llty(fn2.ty)
   emit("  ")
@@ -1281,7 +1281,7 @@ function emit_call(e: Node) -> Val {
   while i < len(args) {
     if i > 0 { emit(", ") }
     emit(llty(atys[i]));  emit(" ");  emit(args[i])
-    i = i + 1
+    i += 1
   }
   emit(")\n")
   return val(rreg, fn2.ty)
@@ -1299,13 +1299,14 @@ function emit_expr(e: Node) -> Val {
     let lo = emit_expr(e.b)
     let hi = emit_expr(e.c)
     g_uses_strslice = true
-    return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @fn_str_slice(ptr {base.code}, i32 {lo.code}, i32 {hi.code})`), "string")
+    return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @lp_str_slice(ptr {base.code}, i32 {lo.code}, i32 {hi.code})`), "string")
   }
   if e.kind == E_STR  { return val(emit_str_const(e.s), "string") }
   if e.kind == E_NEW  {
     if is_slice_ty(e.s) { return emit_new_slice(e.s) }
     return emit_new_struct(e.s, e.a)
   }
+  if e.kind == E_LIST { return emit_list(e) }        # [a, b, c] -> a fresh slice
   if e.kind == E_ID {
     let li = loc_find(e.s)
     if li >= 0 { return emit_load_at(loc_reg[li], loc_ty[li]) }
@@ -1372,8 +1373,10 @@ function emit_expr(e: Node) -> Val {
       if (e.s == ("-")) { return val(emit_bind(`sub i64 0, {a.code}`), "long") }
       if (e.s == "~") { return val(emit_bind(`xor i64 {a.code}, -1`), "long") }
     }
-    if (e.s == ("-")) { return val(emit_bind(`sub i32 0, {a.code}`), "int") }
-    if (e.s == "~") { return val(emit_bind(`xor i32 {a.code}, -1`), "int") }
+    # negation keeps the operand's type: -x on a fixed is still a fixed (the Q16.16
+    # bit pattern negates like any two's-complement int)
+    if (e.s == ("-")) { return val(emit_bind(`sub i32 0, {a.code}`), arith_ty(a.ty)) }
+    if (e.s == "~") { return val(emit_bind(`xor i32 {a.code}, -1`), arith_ty(a.ty)) }
     let c = emit_bind(`icmp eq i32 {a.code}, 0`)
     return val(emit_bind(`zext i1 {c} to i32`), "bool")
   }

selfhost/backend/emit_core.ludic

@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ var g_uses_uuidrt: bool = false  # Uuid.* was emitted -> emit the UUID runtime (
 var g_uses_noisert: bool = false  # Noise.* was emitted -> emit the fixed-point noise runtime
 var g_uses_logrt: bool = false  # Log.* was emitted -> emit the log level register + console sink
 var g_uses_osrt: bool = false  # Os.* (prelude-backed methods) was emitted -> emit the Os runtime
+var g_uses_pid: bool = false   # Os.pid() was emitted -> declare libc getpid
 var g_uses_unicodert: bool = false  # Unicode.* was emitted -> emit the UTF-8 runtime
 var g_uses_fsrt: bool = false  # Fs.*/Path.*/Mime.* was emitted -> emit the filesystem runtime
 var g_uses_datert: bool = false  # Date.*/DateTime.* was emitted -> emit the civil<->epoch conversions
@@ -56,7 +57,7 @@ var g_prog_user_end: int = 0     # count of prog decls from the user's source (b
 # as the line table dumped at exit.
 function cov_slot(line: int) -> int {
   var i = 0
-  while i < len(g_cov_lines) { if g_cov_lines[i] == line { return i };  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(g_cov_lines) { if g_cov_lines[i] == line { return i };  i += 1 }
   push(g_cov_lines, line)
   return len(g_cov_lines) - 1
 }
@@ -93,11 +94,11 @@ var nmach: int = 0
 var g_scenes: []Node         # every `scene` declaration, in source order (ival = id)
 var g_scene_count: int = 0   # parse-time id counter
 var g_start_scene: int = 0   # id of the scene marked `start` (else the first)
-var g_cur_scene: Node = null # scene owning the handler being emitted, for `become`
+var g_cur_scene: Node = null  # scene owning the handler being emitted, for `become`
 
 function find_scene(name: pointer) -> Node {
   var i = 0
-  while i < len(g_scenes) { if (g_scenes[i].s == name) { return g_scenes[i] };  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(g_scenes) { if (g_scenes[i].s == name) { return g_scenes[i] };  i += 1 }
   return null
 }
 
@@ -107,14 +108,14 @@ function emith(s: pointer) -> void { buf_puts(head, s) }
 # stack slots MUST live in the entry block (an alloca in a loop walks the stack
 # off its end), so they go into a per-function buffer spliced in at entry.
 function emit_alloca(llt: pointer) -> pointer {
-  let r = `%t{itoa(ll_t)}`;  ll_t = ll_t + 1
+  let r = `%t{itoa(ll_t)}`;  ll_t += 1
   buf_puts(falloc, "  ");  buf_puts(falloc, r);  buf_puts(falloc, " = alloca ");  buf_puts(falloc, llt);  buf_puts(falloc, "\n")
   return r
 }
 
 # "%t<n>" fresh register
-function nreg() -> pointer { let r = `%t{itoa(ll_t)}`;  ll_t = ll_t + 1;  return r }
-function lbl(pfx: pointer) -> pointer { let r = (pfx + itoa(ll_lbl));  ll_lbl = ll_lbl + 1;  return r }
+function nreg() -> pointer { let r = `%t{itoa(ll_t)}`;  ll_t += 1;  return r }
+function lbl(pfx: pointer) -> pointer { let r = (pfx + itoa(ll_lbl));  ll_lbl += 1;  return r }
 
 # Ludic type -> LLVM type. int/bool are i32; everything else (ptr/str/struct/
 # slice) is a pointer; void is void.
@@ -132,17 +133,17 @@ function llty(t: pointer) -> pointer {
   return "ptr"
 }
 
-function is_slice_ty(t: pointer) -> bool { return t[0] == 91 and t[1] == 93 }   # "[]"
+function is_slice_ty(t: pointer) -> bool { return t[0] == '[' and t[1] == ']' }   # "[]"
 function slice_elem(t: pointer) -> pointer { return t[2..len(t)] }
 
 function find_arch(name: pointer) -> Node {
   var i = 0
-  while i < len(prog) { let d = prog[i];  if d.kind == N_ARCH and (d.s == name) { return d };  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(prog) { let d = prog[i];  if d.kind == N_ARCH and (d.s == name) { return d };  i += 1 }
   return null
 }
 function find_comp(name: pointer) -> Node {
   var i = 0
-  while i < len(prog) { let d = prog[i];  if d.kind == N_COMP and (d.s == name) { return d };  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(prog) { let d = prog[i];  if d.kind == N_COMP and (d.s == name) { return d };  i += 1 }
   return null
 }
 # every record is a `property` with a %Cmp_ layout of named fields — whether it
@@ -152,12 +153,12 @@ function layout_ty(name: pointer) -> pointer { return (("%Cmp_") + name) }
 
 function field_index(s: Node, fname: pointer) -> int {
   var i = 0
-  while i < len(s.kids) { if (s.kids[i].s == fname) { return i }; i = i + 1 }
-  return 0 - 1
+  while i < len(s.kids) { if (s.kids[i].s == fname) { return i }; i += 1 }
+  return -1
 }
 function field_type(s: Node, fname: pointer) -> pointer {
   var i = 0
-  while i < len(s.kids) { if (s.kids[i].s == fname) { return s.kids[i].ty }; i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(s.kids) { if (s.kids[i].s == fname) { return s.kids[i].ty }; i += 1 }
   return "int"
 }
 
@@ -168,7 +169,7 @@ function find_global(name: pointer) -> Node {
     let d = prog[i]
     if d.kind == N_VAR and (d.s == name) { return d }
     if d.kind == N_CONST and (d.s == name) { return d }
-    i = i + 1
+    i += 1
   }
   return null
 }
@@ -181,9 +182,9 @@ function enum_ordinal(ename: pointer, vname: pointer) -> int {
     let d = prog[i]
     if d.kind == N_ENUM and (d.s == ename) {
       var j = 0
-      while j < len(d.kids) { if (d.kids[j].s == vname) { return j };  j = j + 1 }
+      while j < len(d.kids) { if (d.kids[j].s == vname) { return j };  j += 1 }
     }
-    i = i + 1
+    i += 1
   }
   # LC1: the compiler owns `EndReason` — the reason bound by a reason-carrying
   # teardown (`@OnDespawn(M, reason: r)`). Each despawn site passes one of these.
@@ -192,24 +193,24 @@ function enum_ordinal(ename: pointer, vname: pointer) -> int {
     if (vname == "SceneExit") { return 1 }      # a scene tearing down its owned entities
     if (vname == "Quit")      { return 2 }      # program shutdown
   }
-  return 0 - 1
+  return -1
 }
 # an enum none of whose variants carries a payload: a plain int-valued naming layer
 function is_bare_enum(name: pointer) -> bool {
   let en = find_enum(name)
   if (en == null) { return false }
   var i = 0
-  while i < len(en.kids) { if len(en.kids[i].kids) > 0 { return false };  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(en.kids) { if len(en.kids[i].kids) > 0 { return false };  i += 1 }
   return true
 }
 function find_prefab(name: pointer) -> Node {
   var i = 0
-  while i < len(prog) { let d = prog[i];  if d.kind == N_PREFAB and (d.s == name) { return d };  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(prog) { let d = prog[i];  if d.kind == N_PREFAB and (d.s == name) { return d };  i += 1 }
   return null
 }
 function has_prefabs() -> bool {
   var i = 0
-  while i < len(prog) { if prog[i].kind == N_PREFAB { return true };  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(prog) { if prog[i].kind == N_PREFAB { return true };  i += 1 }
   return false
 }
 # does any component declare a `countdown` field?
@@ -217,14 +218,14 @@ function has_countdowns() -> bool {
   var i = 0
   while i < len(prog) {
     let d = prog[i]
-    if d.kind == N_COMP { var f = 0;  while f < len(d.kids) { if (d.kids[f].ty == "countdown") { return true };  f = f + 1 } }
-    i = i + 1
+    if d.kind == N_COMP { var f = 0;  while f < len(d.kids) { if (d.kids[f].ty == "countdown") { return true };  f += 1 } }
+    i += 1
   }
   return false
 }
 function find_fn(name: pointer) -> Node {
   var i = 0
-  while i < len(prog) { let d = prog[i];  if d.kind == N_FN and (d.s == name) { return d };  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(prog) { let d = prog[i];  if d.kind == N_FN and (d.s == name) { return d };  i += 1 }
   return null
 }
 
@@ -238,12 +239,12 @@ var g_var_ord: int = 0
 
 function find_enum(name: pointer) -> Node {
   var i = 0
-  while i < len(prog) { let d = prog[i];  if d.kind == N_ENUM and (d.s == name) { return d };  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(prog) { let d = prog[i];  if d.kind == N_ENUM and (d.s == name) { return d };  i += 1 }
   return null
 }
 function enum_is_tagged(en: Node) -> bool {
   var i = 0
-  while i < len(en.kids) { if len(en.kids[i].kids) > 0 { return true };  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(en.kids) { if len(en.kids[i].kids) > 0 { return true };  i += 1 }
   return false
 }
 # the tagged enum whose type name is `ty`, or null (a plain enum / non-enum type
@@ -257,8 +258,8 @@ function tagged_enum_of(ty: pointer) -> Node {
 # the ordinal of variant `vname` within enum `en`, or -1.
 function variant_ordinal(en: Node, vname: pointer) -> int {
   var j = 0
-  while j < len(en.kids) { if (en.kids[j].s == vname) { return j };  j = j + 1 }
-  return 0 - 1
+  while j < len(en.kids) { if (en.kids[j].s == vname) { return j };  j += 1 }
+  return -1
 }
 # find the tagged enum that declares a variant named `vname` (used to resolve a
 # bare constructor like `Door(3)` / `Empty`); sets g_var_ord to its ordinal.
@@ -274,7 +275,7 @@ function variant_enum(vname: pointer) -> Node {
         if ord >= 0 { g_var_ord = ord;  return d }
       }
     }
-    i = i + 1
+    i += 1
   }
   return null
 }
@@ -282,7 +283,7 @@ function variant_enum(vname: pointer) -> Node {
 function enum_max_arity(en: Node) -> int {
   var m = 0
   var i = 0
-  while i < len(en.kids) { let a = len(en.kids[i].kids);  if a > m { m = a };  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(en.kids) { let a = len(en.kids[i].kids);  if a > m { m = a };  i += 1 }
   return m
 }
 # byte size of a variant box: an 8-byte tag slot + one 8-byte slot per payload
@@ -296,7 +297,7 @@ function enum_box_size(en: Node) -> int { return 8 * (1 + enum_max_arity(en)) }
 # C/Rust/Zig library binding — the same seam NETWORKING-DESIGN §5 names.
 function find_extern(name: pointer) -> Node {
   var i = 0
-  while i < len(prog) { let d = prog[i];  if d.kind == N_EXTERN and (d.s == name) { return d };  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(prog) { let d = prog[i];  if d.kind == N_EXTERN and (d.s == name) { return d };  i += 1 }
   return null
 }
 
@@ -313,7 +314,7 @@ function computed_expr(prop: pointer, field: pointer) -> Node {
   if (prop == null) { return null }
   let key = `{prop}.{field}`
   var i = 0
-  while i < len(g_computed) { if (g_computed[i].s == key) { return g_computed[i].a };  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(g_computed) { if (g_computed[i].s == key) { return g_computed[i].a };  i += 1 }
   return null
 }
 # best-effort static type of an expression (for computed-field lookup; emits nothing)
@@ -337,6 +338,19 @@ function static_type(e: Node) -> pointer {
     let bt = static_type(e.a)
     if (bt != null) { let s = layout_node(bt);  if (s != null) { return field_type(s, e.s) } }
   }
+  if e.kind == E_INDEX {                                             # slice[i] -> the element type
+    let bt = static_type(e.a)
+    if (bt != null) and is_slice_ty(bt) { return slice_elem(bt) }
+  }
+  if e.kind == E_NEW { return e.s }                                  # new T / new []T
+  if e.kind == E_LIST and len(e.kids) > 0 {                          # [a, b] -> a slice of the first's type
+    let et = static_type(e.kids[0])
+    if (et != null) { return "[]" + et }
+  }
+  if e.kind == E_STR or e.kind == E_SLICE { return "string" }
+  if e.kind == E_INT { return "int" }
+  if e.kind == E_FLOAT { return "fixed" }
+  if e.kind == E_BOOL { return "bool" }
   return null
 }
 
@@ -350,7 +364,7 @@ function register_onspawn(model: pointer, body: Node) -> void {
 }
 function onspawn_body(model: pointer) -> Node {
   var i = 0
-  while i < len(g_onspawn) { if (g_onspawn[i].s == model) { return g_onspawn[i].a };  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(g_onspawn) { if (g_onspawn[i].s == model) { return g_onspawn[i].a };  i += 1 }
   return null
 }
 
@@ -368,7 +382,7 @@ function register_ondespawn(model: pointer, body: Node, reason: pointer) -> void
 }
 function ondespawn_body(model: pointer) -> Node {
   var i = 0
-  while i < len(g_ondespawn) { if (g_ondespawn[i].s == model) { return g_ondespawn[i].a };  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(g_ondespawn) { if (g_ondespawn[i].s == model) { return g_ondespawn[i].a };  i += 1 }
   return null
 }
 function register_onattach(prop: pointer, body: Node) -> void {
@@ -376,7 +390,7 @@ function register_onattach(prop: pointer, body: Node) -> void {
 }
 function onattach_body(prop: pointer) -> Node {
   var i = 0
-  while i < len(g_onattach) { if (g_onattach[i].s == prop) { return g_onattach[i].a };  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(g_onattach) { if (g_onattach[i].s == prop) { return g_onattach[i].a };  i += 1 }
   return null
 }
 
@@ -389,7 +403,7 @@ function register_ondetach(prop: pointer, body: Node) -> void {
 }
 function ondetach_body(prop: pointer) -> Node {
   var i = 0
-  while i < len(g_ondetach) { if (g_ondetach[i].s == prop) { return g_ondetach[i].a };  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(g_ondetach) { if (g_ondetach[i].s == prop) { return g_ondetach[i].a };  i += 1 }
   return null
 }
 
@@ -401,12 +415,12 @@ function register_onenable(prop: pointer, body: Node) -> void { let n = node(N_B
 function register_ondisable(prop: pointer, body: Node) -> void { let n = node(N_BLOCK); n.s = prop; n.a = body; push(g_ondisable, n) }
 function onenable_body(prop: pointer) -> Node {
   var i = 0
-  while i < len(g_onenable) { if (g_onenable[i].s == prop) { return g_onenable[i].a };  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(g_onenable) { if (g_onenable[i].s == prop) { return g_onenable[i].a };  i += 1 }
   return null
 }
 function ondisable_body(prop: pointer) -> Node {
   var i = 0
-  while i < len(g_ondisable) { if (g_ondisable[i].s == prop) { return g_ondisable[i].a };  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(g_ondisable) { if (g_ondisable[i].s == prop) { return g_ondisable[i].a };  i += 1 }
   return null
 }
 
@@ -422,7 +436,7 @@ var g_cancel_addr: pointer = null   # EV3: address of the current cancellable di
 function register_event(n: Node) -> void { push(g_events, n) }
 function find_event(name: pointer) -> Node {
   var i = 0
-  while i < len(g_events) { if (g_events[i].s == name) { return g_events[i] };  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(g_events) { if (g_events[i].s == name) { return g_events[i] };  i += 1 }
   return null
 }
 function register_onlisten(evt: pointer, body: Node) -> void {
@@ -454,12 +468,12 @@ function ensure_event_empty(name: pointer) -> void {
 var g_toggled_layers: []pointer
 function note_toggled_layer(name: pointer) -> void {
   var i = 0
-  while i < len(g_toggled_layers) { if (g_toggled_layers[i] == name) { return };  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(g_toggled_layers) { if (g_toggled_layers[i] == name) { return };  i += 1 }
   push(g_toggled_layers, name)
 }
 function is_toggled_layer(name: pointer) -> bool {
   var i = 0
-  while i < len(g_toggled_layers) { if (g_toggled_layers[i] == name) { return true };  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(g_toggled_layers) { if (g_toggled_layers[i] == name) { return true };  i += 1 }
   return false
 }
 
@@ -474,11 +488,11 @@ function loc_reset() -> void { nloc = 0 }
 function loc_push(name: pointer, r: pointer, ty: pointer) -> void {
   if nloc < len(loc_name) { loc_name[nloc] = name;  loc_reg[nloc] = r;  loc_ty[nloc] = ty;  loc_mut[nloc] = 1 }
   else { push(loc_name, name);  push(loc_reg, r);  push(loc_ty, ty);  push(loc_mut, 1) }
-  nloc = nloc + 1
+  nloc += 1
 }
 function loc_set_mut(m: int) -> void { if nloc > 0 { loc_mut[nloc - 1] = m } }
 function loc_find(name: pointer) -> int {
   var i = nloc - 1
-  while i >= 0 { if (loc_name[i] == name) { return i }; i = i - 1 }
-  return 0 - 1
+  while i >= 0 { if (loc_name[i] == name) { return i }; i -= 1 }
+  return -1
 }

selfhost/backend/emit_decl.ludic

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ function emit_params_sig(d: Node) -> void {
   while i < len(d.kids) {
     if i > 0 { emit(", ") }
     emit(llty(d.kids[i].ty));  emit(" %arg_");  emit(d.kids[i].s)
-    i = i + 1
+    i += 1
   }
 }
 
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ function emit_fn(d: Node) -> void {
     let slot = emit_alloca(llty(p.ty))
     emit("  store ");  emit(llty(p.ty));  emit(" %arg_");  emit(p.s);  emit(", ptr ");  emit(slot);  emit("\n")
     loc_push(p.s, slot, p.ty)
-    i = i + 1
+    i += 1
   }
   emit_block(d.a)
   if not g_term { emit("  br label %ret\n") }
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ function emit_test_runner() -> void {
   emith("@L_test_fail = internal global i32 0\n")
   emith("@.fmt_test_sum = private unnamed_addr constant [28 x i8] c\"== %d passed, %d failed ==\\0A\\00\"\n")
   var i = 0
-  while i < len(g_tests) { emit_test_fn(g_tests[i], i);  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(g_tests) { emit_test_fn(g_tests[i], i);  i += 1 }
   if g_uses_expect { emith("@.fmt_expect = private unnamed_addr constant [22 x i8] c\"%s (got %d, want %d)\\0A\\00\"\n") }
 
   ll_t = 0;  ll_lbl = 0
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ function emit_test_runner() -> void {
     emit(`  call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @.fmt_line, ptr {failmsg})\n`)
     emit(`  br label %{ldone}\n`)
     emit(`{ldone}:\n`)
-    i = i + 1
+    i += 1
   }
   let totf = emit_bind("load i32, ptr %failed")
   let passed = emit_bind(`sub i32 {itoa(len(g_tests))}, {totf}`)
@@ -139,7 +139,29 @@ function emit_test_runner() -> void {
   emit(`  ret i32 {rc}\n}\n`)
 }
 
+# two `function`s with one name would collide in the object file; say so in
+# source terms (and name both files) instead of leaving it to the IR assembler.
+function check_duplicate_fns() -> void {
+  var i = 0
+  while i < len(prog) {
+    let d = prog[i]
+    if d.kind == N_FN {
+      var j = i + 1
+      while j < len(prog) {
+        let o = prog[j]
+        if o.kind == N_FN and (o.s == d.s) {
+          g_err_file = o.file;  g_err_line = o.line
+          perr(`function '{d.s}' is defined twice (first in {d.file}:{itoa(d.line)})`)
+        }
+        j += 1
+      }
+    }
+    i += 1
+  }
+}
+
 function emit_program() -> void {
+  check_duplicate_fns()
   head = buf_new()
   code = buf_new()
   g_uses_str = false
@@ -167,7 +189,7 @@ function emit_program() -> void {
       emit_fn(prog[i])
       g_cov_active = true
     }
-    i = i + 1
+    i += 1
   }
   emit_global_init_fn()                           # @L_init_globals: the non-constant `var` initializers
   if len(g_events) > 0 { emit_event_fns() }       # EV0: @ev_<E> event-dispatch functions
@@ -182,31 +204,32 @@ function emit_program() -> void {
   else { if has_systems() and has_entry() {       # N5: game owns its loop via `entry`
     emit_game_defs()                              # system fns, hooks, tick helpers
     i = 0
-    while i < len(prog) { if prog[i].kind == N_MAIN { emit_main(prog[i]) };  i = i + 1 }
+    while i < len(prog) { if prog[i].kind == N_MAIN { emit_main(prog[i]) };  i += 1 }
   }
   else { if has_systems() { emit_game_main() }    # the auto frame loop
   else {
     i = 0
-    while i < len(prog) { if prog[i].kind == N_MAIN { emit_main(prog[i]) };  i = i + 1 }
+    while i < len(prog) { if prog[i].kind == N_MAIN { emit_main(prog[i]) };  i += 1 }
   } } }
   if g_uses_world_despawn { emit_world_despawn_fn() }   # #84: @fn_world_despawn, after all World.despawn / esys_bounds-kill uses are seen
   if g_uses_loopback { emit_loopback() }         # built-in transport, after all net_send/net_poll uses are seen
-  if g_uses_str { emit_str_prelude() }          # @fn_str_eq / @fn_str_concat, after all uses are seen
-  if g_uses_intstr { emit_int_str() }           # @fn_int_str, for string(int) in interpolation
-  if g_uses_longstr { emit_long_str() }         # @fn_long_str, for string(long) / long interpolation
-  if g_uses_strslice { emit_str_slice() }       # @fn_str_slice, for s[a..b]
-  if g_uses_mathrt { emit_math_prelude() }       # @fn_fx_sqrt / @fn_fx_sin + the sine table
-  if g_uses_textrt { emit_text_prelude() }       # @fn_str_upper/lower/trim/repeat/pad builders
-  if g_uses_textrt2 { emit_text2_prelude() }     # @fn_str_replace/join/split builders
-  if g_uses_hashrt { emit_hash_prelude() }       # @fn_hash_fnv1a / @fn_hash_crc32 byte hashers
-  if g_uses_cryptort { emit_crypto_prelude() }   # @fn_sha256_hex / @fn_hmac_sha256_hex + constant-time compare + CSPRNG
-  if g_uses_uuidrt { emit_uuid_prelude() }       # @fn_uuid_v4 / @fn_uuid_v7 / parse / equals (over the crypto CSPRNG)
-  if g_uses_noisert { emit_noise_prelude() }     # @fn_noise_value2/perlin2/simplex2/fbm2/cellular2 (Q16.16)
-  if g_uses_logrt { emit_log_prelude() }         # @L_log_level + @fn_log_emit (levelled stderr sink)
-  if g_uses_osrt { emit_os_prelude() }           # @fn_os_args/platform/arch/save_dir/... (libc env + uname)
-  if g_uses_unicodert { emit_unicode_prelude() } # @fn_uni_len/valid/decode/case/truncate/grapheme (UTF-8)
+  if g_uses_str { emit_str_prelude() }          # @lp_str_eq / @lp_str_concat, after all uses are seen
+  if g_uses_intstr { emit_int_str() }           # @lp_int_str, for string(int) in interpolation
+  if g_uses_longstr { emit_long_str() }         # @lp_long_str, for string(long) / long interpolation
+  if g_uses_strslice { emit_str_slice() }       # @lp_str_slice, for s[a..b]
+  if g_uses_mathrt { emit_math_prelude() }       # @lp_fx_sqrt / @lp_fx_sin + the sine table
+  if g_uses_textrt { emit_text_prelude() }       # @lp_str_upper/lower/trim/repeat/pad builders
+  if g_uses_textrt2 { emit_text2_prelude() }     # @lp_str_replace/join/split builders
+  if g_uses_hashrt { emit_hash_prelude() }       # @lp_hash_fnv1a / @lp_hash_crc32 byte hashers
+  if g_uses_cryptort { emit_crypto_prelude() }   # @lp_sha256_hex / @lp_hmac_sha256_hex + constant-time compare + CSPRNG
+  if g_uses_uuidrt { emit_uuid_prelude() }       # @lp_uuid_v4 / @lp_uuid_v7 / parse / equals (over the crypto CSPRNG)
+  if g_uses_noisert { emit_noise_prelude() }     # @lp_noise_value2/perlin2/simplex2/fbm2/cellular2 (Q16.16)
+  if g_uses_logrt { emit_log_prelude() }         # @L_log_level + @lp_log_emit (levelled stderr sink)
+  if g_uses_osrt { emit_os_prelude() }           # @lp_os_args/platform/arch/save_dir/... (libc env + uname)
+  if g_uses_pid { emith("declare i32 @getpid()\n") }
+  if g_uses_unicodert { emit_unicode_prelude() }  # @lp_uni_len/valid/decode/case/truncate/grapheme (UTF-8)
   if g_uses_fsrt { emit_fs_prelude() }           # @fn_fs_*/fn_path_*/fn_mime_* (libc + string ops)
-  if g_uses_datert { emit_datetime_prelude() }   # @fn_days_from_civil / @fn_civil_from_days conversions
+  if g_uses_datert { emit_datetime_prelude() }   # @lp_days_from_civil / @lp_civil_from_days conversions
   if g_uses_panic {                               # panic/assert: located abort to stderr
     emith("declare i32 @fprintf(ptr, ptr, ...)\n")
     emith("@.fmt_panic = private unnamed_addr constant [6 x i8] c\"%s%s\\0A\\00\"\n")
@@ -234,7 +257,7 @@ function emit_cov_runtime() -> void {
   while i < n {
     if i > 0 { emith(", ") }
     emith("i32 ");  emith(itoa(g_cov_lines[i]))
-    i = i + 1
+    i += 1
   }
   emith("]\n")
   emith("@L_cov_hits = internal global [");  emith(sn);  emith(" x i32] zeroinitializer\n")

selfhost/backend/emit_expr.ludic

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ function emit_try_body(b: Node, slot: pointer) -> void {
       let v = emit_expr(st.a)
       emit(`  store i32 {coerce_code(v, "int")}, ptr {slot}\n`)
     } else { emit_stmt(st) }
-    i = i + 1
+    i += 1
   }
 }
 
@@ -127,9 +127,9 @@ function to_long(v: Val) -> pointer {
 function emit_str_op(op: pointer, a: Val, b: Val) -> Val {
   g_uses_str = true
   if (op == ("+")) {
-    return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @fn_str_concat(ptr {a.code}, ptr {b.code})`), "string")
+    return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @lp_str_concat(ptr {a.code}, ptr {b.code})`), "string")
   }
-  let r = emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_str_eq(ptr {a.code}, ptr {b.code})`)
+  let r = emit_bind(`call i32 @lp_str_eq(ptr {a.code}, ptr {b.code})`)
   if (op == ("!=")) {
     let c = emit_bind(`icmp eq i32 {r}, 0`)
     return val(emit_bind(`zext i1 {c} to i32`), "bool")
@@ -137,56 +137,72 @@ function emit_str_op(op: pointer, a: Val, b: Val) -> Val {
   return val(r, "bool")
 }
 
+# the result type of a unary arithmetic operator on a value of type `ty`: fixed
+# and long survive, every other 32-bit scalar (int/bool/enum) collapses to int
+function arith_ty(ty: pointer) -> pointer {
+  if (ty == "fixed") or (ty == "long") { return ty }
+  return "int"
+}
+
 function emit_bin(e: Node) -> Val {
   if (e.s == "and") or (e.s == "or") { return emit_logic(e) }
   let a = emit_expr(e.a)
   let b = emit_expr(e.b)
+  let isnull = e.a.kind == E_NULL or e.b.kind == E_NULL
+  return emit_bin_vals(e.s, a, b, isnull)
+}
+
+# lower `a <op> b` on two already-evaluated operands. Shared by binary expressions
+# and compound assignment (`x += y` is exactly `x = x + y`), so both agree on
+# string concatenation, Q16.16 multiply/divide, and int->long promotion.
+# `isnull` marks a comparison against the literal null (pointer identity, not
+# string content).
+function emit_bin_vals(op: pointer, a: Val, b: Val, isnull: bool) -> Val {
   # strings are pointer-typed, so any `+` with a pointer operand is concatenation,
   # and `==`/`!=` between pointers is content comparison — except `x == null`,
   # which is a pointer-identity test and falls through to the icmp below.
   let ptrish = (llty(a.ty) == "ptr") or (llty(b.ty) == "ptr")
-  let isnull = e.a.kind == E_NULL or e.b.kind == E_NULL
   if ptrish {
-    if (e.s == ("+")) { return emit_str_op("+", a, b) }
-    if ((e.s == ("==")) or (e.s == ("!="))) and not isnull { return emit_str_op(e.s, a, b) }
+    if (op == ("+")) { return emit_str_op("+", a, b) }
+    if ((op == ("==")) or (op == ("!="))) and not isnull { return emit_str_op(op, a, b) }
   }
   let fx = (a.ty == "fixed") or (b.ty == "fixed")
   # a 64-bit operand (and no fixed/ptr involved) promotes the whole expression to
   # i64: the other side widens with sext, and the result stays `long`.
   let lng = ((llty(a.ty) == "i64") or (llty(b.ty) == "i64")) and not fx and not ptrish
-  if is_cmp(e.s) {
+  if is_cmp(op) {
     var ac = a.code;  var bc = b.code
     var ct = "i32"
     if fx { ac = to_fixed(a);  bc = to_fixed(b) }
     else { if lng { ct = "i64";  ac = to_long(a);  bc = to_long(b) }
       else { if (llty(a.ty) == "ptr") or (llty(b.ty) == "ptr") { ct = "ptr" } } }   # `p == null`, str/record identity
-    let c = emit_bind(`icmp {cmp_code(e.s)} {ct} {ac}, {bc}`)
+    let c = emit_bind(`icmp {cmp_code(op)} {ct} {ac}, {bc}`)
     return val(emit_bind(`zext i1 {c} to i32`), "bool")
   }
   if lng {
     let al = to_long(a);  let bl = to_long(b)
-    return val(emit_bind(`{arith_code(e.s)} i64 {al}, {bl}`), "long")
+    return val(emit_bind(`{arith_code(op)} i64 {al}, {bl}`), "long")
   }
   if fx {
     let af = to_fixed(a);  let bf = to_fixed(b)
-    if (e.s == ("*")) {
+    if (op == ("*")) {
       let a64 = emit_bind(`sext i32 {af} to i64`)
       let b64 = emit_bind(`sext i32 {bf} to i64`)
       let m = emit_bind(`mul i64 {a64}, {b64}`)
       let sh = emit_bind(`ashr i64 {m}, 16`)
       return val(emit_bind(`trunc i64 {sh} to i32`), "fixed")
     }
-    if (e.s == ("/")) {
+    if (op == ("/")) {
       let a64 = emit_bind(`sext i32 {af} to i64`)
       let ash = emit_bind(`shl i64 {a64}, 16`)
       let b64 = emit_bind(`sext i32 {bf} to i64`)
       let dv = emit_bind(`sdiv i64 {ash}, {b64}`)
       return val(emit_bind(`trunc i64 {dv} to i32`), "fixed")
     }
-    let r = emit_bind(`{arith_code(e.s)} i32 {af}, {bf}`)
+    let r = emit_bind(`{arith_code(op)} i32 {af}, {bf}`)
     return val(r, "fixed")
   }
-  let r = emit_bind(`{arith_code(e.s)} i32 {a.code}, {b.code}`)
+  let r = emit_bind(`{arith_code(op)} i32 {a.code}, {b.code}`)
   return val(r, "int")
 }
 
@@ -197,7 +213,7 @@ function emit_bin(e: Node) -> Val {
 # oblivious to whether the caller used names.
 function args_are_named(e: Node) -> bool {
   var i = 0
-  while i < len(e.kids) { if e.kids[i].kind == E_FINIT { return true };  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(e.kids) { if e.kids[i].kind == E_FINIT { return true };  i += 1 }
   return false
 }
 function reorder_named(e: Node, labels: []pointer) -> void {
@@ -205,7 +221,7 @@ function reorder_named(e: Node, labels: []pointer) -> void {
   var i = 0
   while i < len(e.kids) {
     if e.kids[i].kind != E_FINIT { perr("named and positional arguments cannot be mixed in one call") }
-    i = i + 1
+    i += 1
   }
   if len(e.kids) != len(labels) { perr("wrong number of arguments") }
   let out = new []Node
@@ -213,10 +229,10 @@ function reorder_named(e: Node, labels: []pointer) -> void {
   while li < len(labels) {
     var found: Node = null
     var k = 0
-    while k < len(e.kids) { if (e.kids[k].s == labels[li]) { found = e.kids[k] };  k = k + 1 }
+    while k < len(e.kids) { if (e.kids[k].s == labels[li]) { found = e.kids[k] };  k += 1 }
     if (found == null) { perr(`no argument named {labels[li]}`) }
     push(out, found.a)
-    li = li + 1
+    li += 1
   }
   e.kids = out
 }
@@ -224,14 +240,13 @@ function reorder_named(e: Node, labels: []pointer) -> void {
 function param_labels(fn: Node) -> []pointer {
   let out = new []pointer
   var i = 0
-  while i < len(fn.kids) { if fn.kids[i].kind == N_PARAM { push(out, fn.kids[i].s) };  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(fn.kids) { if fn.kids[i].kind == N_PARAM { push(out, fn.kids[i].s) };  i += 1 }
   return out
 }
 
 function param_types(fn: Node) -> []pointer {
   let out = new []pointer
   var i = 0
-  while i < len(fn.kids) { if fn.kids[i].kind == N_PARAM { push(out, fn.kids[i].ty) };  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(fn.kids) { if fn.kids[i].kind == N_PARAM { push(out, fn.kids[i].ty) };  i += 1 }
   return out
 }
-

selfhost/backend/emit_head.ludic

@@ -6,19 +6,19 @@ function hexdig(n: int) -> int { if n < 10 { return 48 + n }; return 55 + n }
 # emit `@.strN = ... c"escaped\00"` and return its name; % and non-print -> \XX
 function emit_str_const(s: pointer) -> pointer {
   let name = `@.str{itoa(ll_str)}`
-  ll_str = ll_str + 1
+  ll_str += 1
   let n = len(s)
   emith(name);  emith(" = private unnamed_addr constant [")
   emith(itoa(n + 1));  emith(" x i8] c\"")
   var i = 0
   while i < n {
     let c = s[i]
-    if c == 34 or c == 92 or c < 32 or c > 126 {
-      buf_putc(head, 92)                          # backslash
+    if c == '"' or c == CH_BACKSLASH or c < ' ' or c > '~' {
+      buf_putc(head, CH_BACKSLASH)                  # \XX hex escape
       buf_putc(head, hexdig(c / 16))
       buf_putc(head, hexdig(c % 16))
     } else { buf_putc(head, c) }
-    i = i + 1
+    i += 1
   }
   emith("\\00\"\n")
   return name
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ function emit_global_init_fn() -> void {
       let v = emit_expr(d.a)
       emit("  store ");  emit(llty(d.ty));  emit(" ");  emit(coerce_code(v, d.ty));  emit(", ptr @g_");  emit(d.s);  emit("\n")
     }
-    i = i + 1
+    i += 1
   }
   emit("  ret void\n")
   code = saved
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ function emit_header() -> void {
           if (j < g_prog_user_end) and (i >= g_prog_user_end) { perr(`property {d.s} is also a property of the engine runtime; choose another name`) }
           perr(`property {d.s} is declared twice`)
         }
-        j = j + 1
+        j += 1
       }
       emith(layout_ty(d.s));  emith(" = type { ")
       if len(d.kids) == 0 { emith("i32") }
@@ -157,11 +157,11 @@ function emit_header() -> void {
       while f < len(d.kids) {
         if f > 0 { emith(", ") }
         emith(llty(d.kids[f].ty))
-        f = f + 1
+        f += 1
       }
       emith(" }\n")
     }
-    i = i + 1
+    i += 1
   }
   # globals (vars) — aggregates/pointers default to null, scalars to 0
   i = 0
@@ -174,14 +174,14 @@ function emit_header() -> void {
           if (j < g_prog_user_end) and (i >= g_prog_user_end) { perr(`variable {d.s} is also a variable of the engine runtime; choose another name`) }
           perr(`variable {d.s} is declared twice`)
         }
-        j = j + 1
+        j += 1
       }
       emith("@g_");  emith(d.s);  emith(" = internal global ")
       emith(llty(d.ty));  emith(" ")
       emith(global_init(d))
       emith("\n")
     }
-    i = i + 1
+    i += 1
   }
 }
 
@@ -198,11 +198,11 @@ function emit_extern_decls() -> void {
       while f < len(d.kids) {
         if f > 0 { emith(", ") }
         emith(llty(d.kids[f].ty))
-        f = f + 1
+        f += 1
       }
       emith(")\n")
     }
-    i = i + 1
+    i += 1
   }
 }
 
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ function emit_extern_decls() -> void {
 # until a mismatch or a shared terminator; str_concat measures both, mallocs
 # len+len+1, copies each half, and NUL-terminates. @malloc is always declared.
 function emit_str_prelude() -> void {
-  emith("define i32 @fn_str_eq(ptr %a, ptr %b) {\n")
+  emith("define i32 @lp_str_eq(ptr %a, ptr %b) {\n")
   emith("entry:\n  br label %loop\n")
   emith("loop:\n  %i = phi i32 [ 0, %entry ], [ %i1, %cont ]\n")
   emith("  %pa = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %a, i32 %i\n")
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ function emit_str_prelude() -> void {
   emith("cont:\n  %i1 = add i32 %i, 1\n  br label %loop\n")
   emith("ret1:\n  ret i32 1\nret0:\n  ret i32 0\n}\n")
 
-  emith("define ptr @fn_str_concat(ptr %a, ptr %b) {\n")
+  emith("define ptr @lp_str_concat(ptr %a, ptr %b) {\n")
   emith("entry:\n  br label %al\n")
   emith("al:\n  %ia = phi i32 [ 0, %entry ], [ %ia1, %alb ]\n")
   emith("  %pa = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %a, i32 %ia\n  %cca = load i8, ptr %pa\n")
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ function emit_str_prelude() -> void {
 # (string interpolation of a number). Writes digits from the end of a 24-byte
 # buffer, prepends '-' for negatives, and returns a pointer into the buffer.
 function emit_int_str() -> void {
-  emith("define ptr @fn_int_str(i32 %n0) {\n")
+  emith("define ptr @lp_int_str(i32 %n0) {\n")
   emith("entry:\n  %buf = call ptr @malloc(i64 24)\n")
   emith("  %isneg = icmp slt i32 %n0, 0\n  %neg = sub i32 0, %n0\n")
   emith("  %n = select i1 %isneg, i32 %neg, i32 %n0\n")
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ function emit_int_str() -> void {
 # once per program that stringifies a `long` (g_uses_longstr). A 64-bit value is
 # at most 20 digits plus sign and NUL, so the 24-byte scratch buffer still fits.
 function emit_long_str() -> void {
-  emith("define ptr @fn_long_str(i64 %n0) {\n")
+  emith("define ptr @lp_long_str(i64 %n0) {\n")
   emith("entry:\n  %buf = call ptr @malloc(i64 24)\n")
   emith("  %isneg = icmp slt i64 %n0, 0\n  %neg = sub i64 0, %n0\n")
   emith("  %n = select i1 %isneg, i64 %neg, i64 %n0\n")
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ function emit_long_str() -> void {
 # s[a..b] -> a fresh NUL-terminated copy of the bytes [a, b), emitted (once) into
 # any program that slices a string. Mallocs (b-a)+1, copies, terminates.
 function emit_str_slice() -> void {
-  emith("define ptr @fn_str_slice(ptr %s, i32 %start, i32 %end) {\n")
+  emith("define ptr @lp_str_slice(ptr %s, i32 %start, i32 %end) {\n")
   emith("entry:\n  %len = sub i32 %end, %start\n  %sz = add i32 %len, 1\n")
   emith("  %sz64 = sext i32 %sz to i64\n  %out = call ptr @malloc(i64 %sz64)\n  br label %loop\n")
   emith("loop:\n  %i = phi i32 [ 0, %entry ], [ %i1, %body ]\n")

selfhost/backend/emit_new.ludic

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ function rec_field(rec: Node, fname: pointer) -> Node {
   while i < len(rec.kids) {
     let fi = rec.kids[i]
     if (fi.s == fname) { return fi.a }
-    i = i + 1
+    i += 1
   }
   return null
 }
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ function emit_new_struct(name: pointer, rec: Node) -> Val {
     let ov = rec_field(rec, fd.s)               # explicit override wins over the default
     if (ov != null) { let dv = emit_expr(ov);  v = dv.code }
     emit("  store ");  emit(lt);  emit(" ");  emit(v);  emit(", ptr ");  emit(addr);  emit("\n")
-    f = f + 1
+    f += 1
   }
   return val(obj, name)
 }
@@ -78,9 +78,32 @@ function emit_len(e: Node) -> Val {
 
 function emit_push(e: Node) -> Val {
   let s = emit_expr(e.kids[0])
-  let el = slice_elem(s.ty)
-  let elt = llty(el)
-  let h = s.code
+  emit_push_into(s.code, llty(slice_elem(s.ty)), emit_expr(e.kids[1]))
+  return val("0", "void")
+}
+
+# `[a, b, c]` — a fresh slice holding the elements in order. The element type
+# is the first element's; an empty literal has none, so it is spelled `new []T`.
+function emit_list(e: Node) -> Val {
+  if len(e.kids) == 0 { perr("an empty list literal has no element type: write `new []T` instead") }
+  let first = emit_expr(e.kids[0])
+  let ty = "[]" + first.ty
+  let elt = llty(first.ty)
+  let s = emit_new_slice(ty)
+  emit_push_into(s.code, elt, first)
+  var i = 1
+  while i < len(e.kids) {
+    let v = emit_expr(e.kids[i])
+    if not (v.ty == first.ty) { perr(`list literal mixes element types {first.ty} and {v.ty}`) }
+    emit_push_into(s.code, elt, v)
+    i += 1
+  }
+  return s
+}
+
+# append the already-emitted value `v` (of LLVM element type `elt`) to the slice
+# whose header is `h`, growing the storage when it is full
+function emit_push_into(h: pointer, elt: pointer, v: Val) -> void {
   let lp = slice_field(h, 1);  let cp = slice_field(h, 2);  let dp = slice_field(h, 0)
   let l = emit_bind(`load i32, ptr {lp}`)
   let c = emit_bind(`load i32, ptr {cp}`)
@@ -100,12 +123,10 @@ function emit_push(e: Node) -> Val {
   emit("  store i32 ");  emit(nc);  emit(", ptr ");  emit(cp);  emit("\n")
   emit("  br label %");  emit(put);  emit("\n")
   emit(put);  emit(":\n")
-  let v = emit_expr(e.kids[1])
   let data = emit_bind(`load ptr, ptr {dp}`)
   let slot = nreg()
   emit("  ");  emit(slot);  emit(" = getelementptr inbounds ");  emit(elt);  emit(", ptr ");  emit(data);  emit(", i32 ");  emit(l);  emit("\n")
   emit("  store ");  emit(elt);  emit(" ");  emit(v.code);  emit(", ptr ");  emit(slot);  emit("\n")
   let l1 = emit_bind(`add i32 {l}, 1`)
   emit("  store i32 ");  emit(l1);  emit(", ptr ");  emit(lp);  emit("\n")
-  return val("0", "void")
 }

selfhost/backend/emit_stmt.ludic

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ function emit_block(b: Node) -> void {
   while i < len(b.kids) {
     if g_term { return }
     emit_stmt(b.kids[i])
-    i = i + 1
+    i += 1
   }
 }
 
@@ -15,6 +15,11 @@ function store_at(lt: pointer, v: pointer, addr: pointer) -> void {
   emit("  store ");  emit(lt);  emit(" ");  emit(v);  emit(", ptr ");  emit(addr);  emit("\n")
 }
 
+# the binary operator behind a compound assignment token: "+=" -> "+"
+function compound_op(tok: pointer) -> pointer {
+  return tok[0..1]
+}
+
 function emit_assign(st: Node) -> void {
   # resolve the target's address and type
   let t = st.a
@@ -39,17 +44,16 @@ function emit_assign(st: Node) -> void {
       else { perr("bad assignment target") } }
   }
   let lt = llty(ty)
-  let rv = emit_expr(st.b)
+  var rv = emit_expr(st.b)
+  if not (st.s == "=") {
+    # `x op= y` is `x = x op y`: reload the target and lower through the same
+    # path as a binary expression, so fixed `*=`, string `+=` and long promotion
+    # all behave exactly like their spelled-out forms.
+    let cur = val(emit_bind(`load {lt}, ptr {addr}`), ty)
+    rv = emit_bin_vals(compound_op(st.s), cur, rv, false)
+  }
   var v = coerce_code(rv, ty)
   if (lt == "i8") { v = emit_bind(`trunc i32 {v} to i8`) }   # narrow to a byte for p[i] = v
-  if not (st.s == "=") {
-    let cur = emit_bind(`load {lt}, ptr {addr}`)
-    var opc = "add"
-    if (st.s == ("-=")) { opc = "sub" }
-    if (st.s == ("*=")) { opc = "mul" }
-    if (st.s == ("/=")) { opc = "sdiv" }
-    v = emit_bind(`{opc} {lt} {cur}, {v}`)
-  }
   store_at(lt, v, addr)
 }
 
@@ -123,7 +127,7 @@ function emit_return(st: Node) -> void {
 
 function arm_is_default(arm: Node) -> bool {
   var p = 0
-  while p < len(arm.kids) { if arm.kids[p].kind == E_ID and (arm.kids[p].s == "_") { return true }; p = p + 1 }
+  while p < len(arm.kids) { if arm.kids[p].kind == E_ID and (arm.kids[p].s == "_") { return true }; p += 1 }
   return false
 }
 
@@ -147,7 +151,7 @@ function emit_bind_payload(en: Node, pat: Node, sv: Val) -> void {
     let lv = emit_bind(`load {lt}, ptr {p}`)
     let slot = emit_alloca(lt);  store_at(lt, lv, slot)
     loc_push(pat.kids[k].s, slot, pty)
-    k = k + 1
+    k += 1
   }
 }
 
@@ -178,7 +182,7 @@ function emit_match_tagged(st: Node, sv: Val, en: Node) -> void {
         covered = covered | (1 << ord)
         let c = emit_bind(`icmp eq i32 {tag}, {itoa(ord)}`)
         if first { acc = c;  first = false } else { acc = emit_bind(`or i1 {acc}, {c}`) }
-        p = p + 1
+        p += 1
       }
       let bodyl = lbl("mbody");  let nextl = lbl("marm")
       emit("  br i1 ");  emit(acc);  emit(", label %");  emit(bodyl);  emit(", label %");  emit(nextl);  emit("\n")
@@ -190,7 +194,7 @@ function emit_match_tagged(st: Node, sv: Val, en: Node) -> void {
       if not g_term { emit("  br label %");  emit(endl);  emit("\n") }
       emit(nextl);  emit(":\n");  g_term = false
     }
-    i = i + 1
+    i += 1
   }
   if (deflt != null) { emit_block(deflt.a) }
   else {
@@ -199,7 +203,7 @@ function emit_match_tagged(st: Node, sv: Val, en: Node) -> void {
       var m = 0
       while m < len(en.kids) {
         if (covered & (1 << m)) == 0 { perr(`match on {en.s} is not exhaustive: variant {en.kids[m].s} is unhandled (add it or a _ arm)`) }
-        m = m + 1
+        m += 1
       }
     }
   }
@@ -226,7 +230,7 @@ function emit_match(st: Node) -> void {
         let c = emit_bind(`icmp eq i32 {sv.code}, {pv.code}`)
         if first { acc = c;  first = false }
         else { acc = emit_bind(`or i1 {acc}, {c}`) }
-        p = p + 1
+        p += 1
       }
       let bodyl = lbl("mbody");  let nextl = lbl("marm")
       emit("  br i1 ");  emit(acc);  emit(", label %");  emit(bodyl);  emit(", label %");  emit(nextl);  emit("\n")
@@ -235,7 +239,7 @@ function emit_match(st: Node) -> void {
       if not g_term { emit("  br label %");  emit(endl);  emit("\n") }
       emit(nextl);  emit(":\n");  g_term = false
     }
-    i = i + 1
+    i += 1
   }
   if (deflt != null) { emit_block(deflt.a) }
   if not g_term { emit("  br label %");  emit(endl);  emit("\n") }
@@ -256,14 +260,14 @@ function emit_emit(st: Node) -> Val {
     let fd = ev.kids[f]
     var av: Node = null                          # the caller's value for this field, if given
     var j = 0
-    while j < len(st.a.kids) { if (st.a.kids[j].s == fd.s) { av = st.a.kids[j].a };  j = j + 1 }
+    while j < len(st.a.kids) { if (st.a.kids[j].s == fd.s) { av = st.a.kids[j].a };  j += 1 }
     let lt = llty(fd.ty)
     var code = "0"
     if (lt == "ptr") { code = "null" }
     if (av != null) { let v = emit_expr(av);  code = v.code }
     else { if (fd.a != null) { let dv = emit_expr(fd.a);  code = dv.code } }   # declared default
     push(fcodes, code);  push(ftys, lt)
-    f = f + 1
+    f += 1
   }
   # N4: a remote event (@ToServer/@ToClients) serializes its payload as
   # [i32 event_id][packed fields] and net_send in its direction — the far side's
@@ -276,8 +280,8 @@ function emit_emit(st: Node) -> Val {
     while k < len(ev.kids) {
       let dp = nreg();  emit("  ");  emit(dp);  emit(" = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr @L_sendbuf, i32 ");  emit(itoa(off));  emit("\n")
       emit("  store ");  emit(ftys[k]);  emit(" ");  emit(fcodes[k]);  emit(", ptr ");  emit(dp);  emit("\n")
-      off = off + net_field_ibytes(ev.kids[k].ty)
-      k = k + 1
+      off += net_field_ibytes(ev.kids[k].ty)
+      k += 1
     }
     var peer = "0"
     if (ev.ty == "toclients") { peer = "-1" }        # broadcast (loopback ignores the peer id)
@@ -292,7 +296,7 @@ function emit_emit(st: Node) -> Val {
   while g < len(fcodes) {
     if g > 0 { buf_puts(args, ", ") }
     buf_puts(args, ftys[g]);  buf_puts(args, " ");  buf_puts(args, fcodes[g])
-    g = g + 1
+    g += 1
   }
   if ev.ival == 1 {
     let r = nreg()
@@ -304,6 +308,7 @@ function emit_emit(st: Node) -> Val {
 }
 
 function emit_stmt(st: Node) -> void {
+  g_err_file = st.file;  g_err_line = st.line      # so a lowering error names its statement
   emit_cov_hit(st.line)                            # --coverage: bump this line's hit counter (no-op otherwise)
   if st.kind == S_LET {
     var ty = st.ty
@@ -347,6 +352,6 @@ function emit_stmt(st: Node) -> void {
 function loop_push(cont: pointer, brk: pointer) -> void {
   if nloop < len(cnt_lbl) { cnt_lbl[nloop] = cont;  brk_lbl[nloop] = brk }
   else { push(cnt_lbl, cont);  push(brk_lbl, brk) }
-  nloop = nloop + 1
+  nloop += 1
 }
-function loop_pop() -> void { nloop = nloop - 1 }
+function loop_pop() -> void { nloop -= 1 }

selfhost/backend/game/emit_ecs.ludic

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ const MAX_ENT: int = 1024
 
 function has_systems() -> bool {
   var i = 0
-  while i < len(prog) { if prog[i].kind == N_SYS { return true };  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(prog) { if prog[i].kind == N_SYS { return true };  i += 1 }
   # a game with no hand-written handler but a well-known engine component still
   # runs a frame loop — the engine owns the system that ticks that component
   # (#43/#47). Treat it as a systems game so the loop / tick helpers are emitted.
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ function has_systems() -> bool {
 }
 function has_models() -> bool {
   var i = 0
-  while i < len(prog) { if prog[i].kind == N_ARCH { return true };  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(prog) { if prog[i].kind == N_ARCH { return true };  i += 1 }
   return false
 }
 # does the program declare a well-known engine component? Each one is auto-ticked
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ function uses_engine_systems() -> bool {
   # Motion / Light2D; packages append via @EngineSystem), or an Occluder (which
   # feeds the Light2D pass without an esys of its own).
   var i = 0
-  while i < len(g_esys_comp) { if find_comp(g_esys_comp[i]) != null { return true };  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(g_esys_comp) { if find_comp(g_esys_comp[i]) != null { return true };  i += 1 }
   if find_comp("Occluder") != null { return true }
   return false
 }
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ function uses_engine_systems() -> bool {
 # compiler's auto frame loop. A game with handlers and no entry uses the auto-loop.
 function has_entry() -> bool {
   var i = 0
-  while i < len(prog) { if prog[i].kind == N_MAIN { return true };  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(prog) { if prog[i].kind == N_MAIN { return true };  i += 1 }
   return false
 }
 # Does this program run the ECS? A property alone no longer answers that — the
@@ -82,11 +82,11 @@ function emit_ecs_storage() -> void {
     # one enabled-flag global per model and per handler (default enabled)
     if c.kind == N_ARCH { emith(`@ME_{c.s} = internal global i32 1\n`) }
     if c.kind == N_SYS  { emith(`@HE_{c.s} = internal global i32 1\n`) }
-    i = i + 1
+    i += 1
   }
   # one enabled-flag global per toggled layer (default shown)
   var li = 0
-  while li < len(g_toggled_layers) { emith(`@LE_{g_toggled_layers[li]} = internal global i32 1\n`);  li = li + 1 }
+  while li < len(g_toggled_layers) { emith(`@LE_{g_toggled_layers[li]} = internal global i32 1\n`);  li += 1 }
 }
 
 # L_reset(e): clear every has-flag and the archetype kind for entity e
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ function emit_ecs_allocator() -> void {
       emit("  ");  emit(hn);  emit(" = getelementptr inbounds [");  emit(me);  emit(" x i8], ptr @H_");  emit(prog[i].s);  emit(", i32 0, i32 %e\n")
       emit("  store i8 0, ptr ");  emit(hn);  emit("\n")
     }
-    i = i + 1
+    i += 1
   }
   emit("  %k = getelementptr inbounds [");  emit(me);  emit(" x i32], ptr @L_kind, i32 0, i32 %e\n")
   emit("  store i32 0, ptr %k\n")

selfhost/backend/game/emit_game.ludic

@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ function emit_engine_systems_for_phase(phase: pointer) -> void {
   var i = 0
   while i < len(g_esys_comp) {
     if (g_esys_phase[i] == phase) { emit_one_engine_system(g_esys_comp[i], g_esys_fn[i]) }
-    i = i + 1
+    i += 1
   }
   if (phase == "Update") {
     # Tween.* fluent handles (#48): advanced each Update tick when the game uses
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ function emit_countdown_system() -> void {
     if d.kind == N_COMP {
       var any = false
       var f = 0
-      while f < len(d.kids) { if (d.kids[f].ty == "countdown") { any = true };  f = f + 1 }
+      while f < len(d.kids) { if (d.kids[f].ty == "countdown") { any = true };  f += 1 }
       if any {
         let sk = itoa(k);  let nk = itoa(k + 1)
         emit("c");  emit(sk);  emit(":\n")
@@ -121,13 +121,13 @@ function emit_countdown_system() -> void {
             emit("  %fn");  emit(fk);  emit(" = select i1 %fp");  emit(fk);  emit(", i32 %fd");  emit(fk);  emit(", i32 %fv");  emit(fk);  emit("\n")
             emit("  store i32 %fn");  emit(fk);  emit(", ptr %fa");  emit(fk);  emit("\n")
           }
-          f = f + 1
+          f += 1
         }
         emit("  br label %c");  emit(nk);  emit("\n")
-        k = k + 1
+        k += 1
       }
     }
-    i = i + 1
+    i += 1
   }
   emit("c");  emit(itoa(k));  emit(":\n  br label %next\n")
   emit("next:\n  %i1 = add i32 %i, 1\n  br label %loop\ndone:\n  ret void\n}\n\n")
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ function emit_prefab_fn(pre: Node) -> void {
 }
 function emit_prefab_fns() -> void {
   var i = 0
-  while i < len(prog) { if prog[i].kind == N_PREFAB { emit_prefab_fn(prog[i]) };  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(prog) { if prog[i].kind == N_PREFAB { emit_prefab_fn(prog[i]) };  i += 1 }
   g_uses_str = true
   ll_t = 0;  ll_lbl = 0;  g_term = false;  loc_reset();  nloop = 0;  nself = 0
   let fbody = buf_new()
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ function emit_prefab_fns() -> void {
     if d.kind == N_PREFAB {
       let lit = node(E_STR);  lit.s = d.s
       let sv = emit_expr(lit)
-      let same = emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_str_eq(ptr %name, ptr {sv.code})`)
+      let same = emit_bind(`call i32 @lp_str_eq(ptr %name, ptr {sv.code})`)
       let hit = emit_bind(`icmp ne i32 {same}, 0`)
       let yes = lbl("pf");  let no = lbl("pfn")
       emit("  br i1 ");  emit(hit);  emit(", label %");  emit(yes);  emit(", label %");  emit(no);  emit("\n")
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ function emit_prefab_fns() -> void {
       emit("  ret i32 ");  emit(r);  emit("\n")
       emit(no);  emit(":\n")
     }
-    i = i + 1
+    i += 1
   }
   emit("  ret i32 -1\n")
   code = saved
@@ -209,11 +209,20 @@ function phase_id(phase: pointer) -> int {
   if phase == "LateUpdate" { return 3 }
   if phase == "Render" { return 4 }
   if phase == "Start" { return 5 }
-  if phase == "OnQuit" { return 6 }
+  if phase == "OnQuit" { return 6 }      # the @OnQuit hook's internal slot, never written as `phase OnQuit`
   if phase == "Overlay" { return 7 }      # HUD/UI pass after the engine drew sprites
+  perr(`unknown phase '{phase}'`)          # the parser rejects these; a desugaring bug if we get here
   return 7
 }
 
+# the phases a handler may declare — the frame loop's buckets, in the order the
+# frame runs them (Start once, then Input … Overlay every tick)
+function is_phase_name(name: pointer) -> bool {
+  if name == "Start" or name == "Input" or name == "FixedUpdate" or name == "Update" { return true }
+  if name == "LateUpdate" or name == "Render" or name == "Overlay" { return true }
+  return false
+}
+
 # --- binary-module glue (issue #64) ------------------------------------------
 # A module compiled with --emit-module carries no main and no world table (the
 # consumer owns them). It references the host's reflection ABI, so we (1) declare
@@ -248,7 +257,7 @@ function emit_module_glue() -> void {
   var i = 0
   while i < len(g_mod_sys_fn) {
     emit("  call i32 @ludic_register_system(ptr @fn_");  emit(g_mod_sys_fn[i]);  emit(", i32 ");  emit(itoa(phase_id(g_mod_sys_phase[i])));  emit(")\n")
-    i = i + 1
+    i += 1
   }
   emit("  ret void\n}\n\n")
   # run @__ludic_mod_init at image load (dyld runs constructors before main)
@@ -309,12 +318,12 @@ function emit_calls_for_phase(phase: pointer) -> void {
   while i < len(prog) {
     let d = prog[i]
     if d.kind == N_SYS and (d.ty == phase) and (d.c == null) { emit_call_one(d) }
-    i = i + 1
+    i += 1
   }
   # any scene-owned handlers in this phase? gate them on one @L_scene snapshot.
   var has_sc = false
   i = 0
-  while i < len(prog) { let d = prog[i];  if d.kind == N_SYS and (d.ty == phase) and (d.c != null) { has_sc = true };  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(prog) { let d = prog[i];  if d.kind == N_SYS and (d.ty == phase) and (d.c != null) { has_sc = true };  i += 1 }
   if has_sc {
     let cs = emit_bind("load i32, ptr @L_scene")
     i = 0
@@ -328,7 +337,7 @@ function emit_calls_for_phase(phase: pointer) -> void {
         emit_call_one(d)
         emit("  br label %");  emit(skip);  emit("\n");  emit(skip);  emit(":\n")
       }
-      i = i + 1
+      i += 1
     }
   }
   emit_engine_systems_for_phase(phase)               # engine-owned systems run after every user handler
@@ -340,7 +349,7 @@ function emit_calls_for_phase(phase: pointer) -> void {
 function emit_scene_menu_render() -> void {
   var any = false
   var i = 0
-  while i < len(g_scenes) { if (g_scenes[i].ty != null) { any = true };  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(g_scenes) { if (g_scenes[i].ty != null) { any = true };  i += 1 }
   if not any { return }
   let cs = emit_bind("load i32, ptr @L_scene")
   i = 0
@@ -353,7 +362,7 @@ function emit_scene_menu_render() -> void {
       emit(run);  emit(":\n  call void @fn_rt_ui_render()\n")
       emit("  br label %");  emit(skip);  emit("\n");  emit(skip);  emit(":\n")
     }
-    i = i + 1
+    i += 1
   }
 }
 
@@ -393,7 +402,7 @@ function emit_scene_hooks() -> void {
     g_cur_scene = sc
     emit_scene_fn(sc.s, "enter", sc.a, sc.ty)
     emit_scene_fn(sc.s, "exit", sc.b, sc.ty)
-    i = i + 1
+    i += 1
   }
   g_cur_scene = null
   if len(g_scenes) > 0 { emit_scene_leave_fn() }   # a program without scenes has no @L_scene
@@ -413,7 +422,7 @@ function emit_scene_leave_fn() -> void {
     emit("  br i1 %is");  emit(k);  emit(", label %leave");  emit(k);  emit(", label %next");  emit(k);  emit("\n")
     emit("leave");  emit(k);  emit(":\n  call void @scene_exit_");  emit(sc.s);  emit("()\n  ret void\n")
     emit("next");  emit(k);  emit(":\n")
-    i = i + 1
+    i += 1
   }
   emit("  ret void\n}\n\n")
 }
@@ -447,7 +456,7 @@ function emit_despawn_hooks() -> void {
     emit(buf_str(falloc))
     emit(buf_str(fbody))
     emit("}\n\n")
-    i = i + 1
+    i += 1
   }
   emit_despawn_all_fn()
 }
@@ -475,7 +484,7 @@ function emit_world_despawn_fn() -> void {
       if (find_event(dev) != null) { emit("  call void @ev_");  emit(dev);  emit("(i32 %e, i32 0)\n") }
       emit("  br label %next");  emit(si);  emit("\n")
       emit("next");  emit(si);  emit(":\n")
-      i = i + 1
+      i += 1
     }
   }
   if len(g_events) > 0 { emit("  call void @ludic_sweep_entity(i32 %e)\n") }   # EV5: drop entity-scoped listeners
@@ -512,7 +521,7 @@ function emit_despawn_all_fn() -> void {
     if (find_event(dev) != null) { emit("  call void @ev_");  emit(dev);  emit("(i32 %i, i32 %reason)\n") }
     emit("  br label %next");  emit(si);  emit("\n")
     emit("next");  emit(si);  emit(":\n")
-    i = i + 1
+    i += 1
   }
   emit("  br label %cont\n")
   emit("cont:\n  %i1 = add i32 %i, 1\n  br label %loop\n")
@@ -557,7 +566,7 @@ function emit_event_fns() -> void {
     while t < len(ev.kids) {
       if t > 0 { emith(", ") }
       emith(llty(ev.kids[t].ty))
-      t = t + 1
+      t += 1
     }
     if ev.ival == 1 { if len(ev.kids) > 0 { emith(", ") };  emith("i32") }
     emith(" }\n")
@@ -629,7 +638,7 @@ function emit_event_fns() -> void {
       let slot = emit_alloca(lt)
       emit("  store ");  emit(lt);  emit(" %p");  emit(itoa(f));  emit(", ptr ");  emit(slot);  emit("\n")
       loc_push(fd.s, slot, fd.ty)
-      f = f + 1
+      f += 1
     }
     # cancellable: zero the flag and expose its address to `cancel` in the listeners
     var caddr = null
@@ -642,7 +651,7 @@ function emit_event_fns() -> void {
     var i = 0
     while i < len(g_onlisten) {
       if (g_onlisten[i].s == en) { nloc = base;  g_term = false;  emit_block(g_onlisten[i].a) }
-      i = i + 1
+      i += 1
     }
     # the open half: walk the foreign callback array in registration order
     if not g_term {
@@ -684,13 +693,13 @@ function emit_event_fns() -> void {
     while g < len(ev.kids) {
       if g > 0 { emit(", ") }
       emit(llty(ev.kids[g].ty));  emit(" %p");  emit(itoa(g))
-      g = g + 1
+      g += 1
     }
     emit(") {\nentry:\n")
     emit(buf_str(falloc))
     emit(buf_str(fbody))
     emit("}\n\n")
-    e = e + 1
+    e += 1
   }
 
   # EV5: @ludic_sweep_entity(owner) — remove every entity-scoped listener owned by
@@ -719,8 +728,7 @@ function emit_event_fns() -> void {
     emit("swd");  emit(sk);  emit(":\n  store i32 0, ptr %ci\n")
     if (e2 + 1) < len(g_events) { emit("  br label %sw");  emit(itoa(e2 + 1));  emit("\n") }
     else { emit("  ret void\n") }
-    e2 = e2 + 1
+    e2 += 1
   }
   emit("}\n\n")
 }
-

selfhost/backend/game/emit_machine.ludic

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ function emit_machine(st: Node) -> void {
     s = emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_rt_reg(i32 {regv.code})`)
   }
   if nmach < len(mach_stk) { mach_stk[nmach] = st } else { push(mach_stk, st) }
-  nmach = nmach + 1
+  nmach += 1
   let endl = lbl("smend")
   var i = 0
   while i < len(st.kids) {
@@ -50,11 +50,11 @@ function emit_machine(st: Node) -> void {
     emit_block(state.a)
     if not g_term { emit("  br label %");  emit(endl);  emit("\n") }
     emit(nxt);  emit(":\n");  g_term = false
-    i = i + 1
+    i += 1
   }
   if not g_term { emit("  br label %");  emit(endl);  emit("\n") }
   emit(endl);  emit(":\n");  g_term = false
-  nmach = nmach - 1
+  nmach -= 1
 }
 
 # `become Name` — a machine state transition when Name is a state of an
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ function emit_become(st: Node) -> void {
     let m = mach_stk[nmach - 1]
     var target: Node = null
     var i = 0
-    while i < len(m.kids) { if (m.kids[i].s == st.s) { target = m.kids[i] };  i = i + 1 }
+    while i < len(m.kids) { if (m.kids[i].s == st.s) { target = m.kids[i] };  i += 1 }
     if (target != null) {
       let gv = machine_var(m.a)
       let sv = machine_state_value(m, target)

selfhost/backend/game/emit_query.ludic

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 
 function find_arch_id(name: pointer) -> int {
   var i = 0;  var n = 1
-  while i < len(prog) { if prog[i].kind == N_ARCH { if (prog[i].s == name) { return n };  n = n + 1 };  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(prog) { if prog[i].kind == N_ARCH { if (prog[i].s == name) { return n };  n += 1 };  i += 1 }
   return 0
 }
 
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ function emit_query(st: Node) -> void {
   let ip = emit_alloca("i32")
   store_at("i32", "0", ip)
   if nself < len(self_stk) { self_stk[nself] = ip } else { push(self_stk, ip) }
-  nself = nself + 1
+  nself += 1
 
   let cond = lbl("qcond");  let body = lbl("qbody");  let nxt = lbl("qnext");  let endl = lbl("qend")
   emit("  br label %");  emit(cond);  emit("\n")
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ function emit_query(st: Node) -> void {
     let keep = lbl("qt")
     emit("  br i1 ");  emit(ok);  emit(", label %");  emit(keep);  emit(", label %");  emit(nxt);  emit("\n")
     emit(keep);  emit(":\n")
-    t = t + 1
+    t += 1
   }
 
   # bind the requested components to the loop variables, in order
@@ -70,10 +70,10 @@ function emit_query(st: Node) -> void {
         let vslot = emit_alloca("ptr")
         emit("  store ptr ");  emit(slot);  emit(", ptr ");  emit(vslot);  emit("\n")
         loc_push(st.kids[vi].s, vslot, tm.s)
-        vi = vi + 1
+        vi += 1
       }
     }
-    t = t + 1
+    t += 1
   }
 
   # optional where-clause
@@ -97,5 +97,5 @@ function emit_query(st: Node) -> void {
   store_at("i32", i3, ip)
   emit("  br label %");  emit(cond);  emit("\n")
   emit(endl);  emit(":\n");  g_term = false
-  nself = nself - 1
+  nself -= 1
 }

selfhost/backend/game/emit_save.ludic

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ var g_off: pointer = null            # current byte-offset register, buffer mode
 
 function emit_io(fn2: pointer, p: pointer, bytes: pointer) -> void {
   if (g_snap_mode == "file") {
-    let r = `%io{itoa(g_iok)}`;  g_iok = g_iok + 1
+    let r = `%io{itoa(g_iok)}`;  g_iok += 1
     emit("  ");  emit(r);  emit(" = call i64 @");  emit(fn2);  emit("(ptr ");  emit(p);  emit(", i64 1, i64 ");  emit(bytes);  emit(", ptr %f)\n")
     return
   }
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ function emit_io(fn2: pointer, p: pointer, bytes: pointer) -> void {
     let noff = `%ioff{itoa(g_iok)}`
     emit("  ");  emit(noff);  emit(" = add i64 ");  emit(g_off);  emit(", ");  emit(bytes);  emit("\n")
     g_off = noff
-    g_iok = g_iok + 1
+    g_iok += 1
     return
   }
   # buffer mode: dst/src is %buf + g_off, copy `bytes`, then advance the cursor
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ function emit_io(fn2: pointer, p: pointer, bytes: pointer) -> void {
   let noff = `%ioff{itoa(g_iok)}`
   emit("  ");  emit(noff);  emit(" = add i64 ");  emit(g_off);  emit(", ");  emit(bytes);  emit("\n")
   g_off = noff
-  g_iok = g_iok + 1
+  g_iok += 1
 }
 
 function emit_snapshot_blocks(fn2: pointer) -> void {
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ function emit_snapshot_blocks(fn2: pointer) -> void {
   # round-trips ownership (like @L_kind). Gated, so non-@Owned snapshots are unchanged.
   if net_has_owned() { emit_io(fn2, "@L_owner_arr", "%nalive") }
   var i = 0
-  while i < len(prog) { if prog[i].kind == N_VAR { emit_io(fn2, `@g_{prog[i].s}`, "4") };  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(prog) { if prog[i].kind == N_VAR { emit_io(fn2, `@g_{prog[i].s}`, "4") };  i += 1 }
   var ci = 0
   i = 0
   while i < len(prog) {
@@ -67,9 +67,9 @@ function emit_snapshot_blocks(fn2: pointer) -> void {
       emit("  ");  emit(csz);  emit(" = ptrtoint ptr getelementptr (%Cmp_");  emit(c);  emit(", ptr null, i32 ");  emit(me);  emit(") to i64\n")
       emit_io(fn2, `@S_{c}`, csz)
       emit_io(fn2, `@H_{c}`, me)
-      ci = ci + 1
+      ci += 1
     }
-    i = i + 1
+    i += 1
   }
 }
 

selfhost/backend/game/emit_spawn.ludic

@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ function emit_hook_with_self(e: pointer, body: Node) -> void {
   let sslot = emit_alloca("i32")
   emit("  store i32 ");  emit(e);  emit(", ptr ");  emit(sslot);  emit("\n")
   if nself < len(self_stk) { self_stk[nself] = sslot } else { push(self_stk, sslot) }
-  nself = nself + 1
+  nself += 1
   emit_block(body)
-  nself = nself - 1
+  nself -= 1
 }
 
 function emit_init_component(e: pointer, comp: pointer, rec: Node) -> void {
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ function emit_init_component(e: pointer, comp: pointer, rec: Node) -> void {
     if (lt == "ptr") { v = "null" }
     if (fd.a != null) { let dv = emit_expr(fd.a);  v = dv.code }
     emit("  store ");  emit(lt);  emit(" ");  emit(v);  emit(", ptr ");  emit(addr);  emit("\n")
-    f = f + 1
+    f += 1
   }
   # per-spawn overrides
   if (rec != null) {
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ function emit_init_component(e: pointer, comp: pointer, rec: Node) -> void {
         let dv = emit_expr(fi.a)
         emit("  store ");  emit(llty(field_type(c, fi.s)));  emit(" ");  emit(dv.code);  emit(", ptr ");  emit(addr);  emit("\n")
       }
-      j = j + 1
+      j += 1
     }
   }
   # @OnAttach(Property) runs once the property is attached and seeded
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ function emit_bind_props(model: Node, e: pointer) -> void {
     let vslot = emit_alloca("ptr")
     emit("  store ptr ");  emit(slot);  emit(", ptr ");  emit(vslot);  emit("\n")
     loc_push(pname, vslot, pname)
-    c = c + 1
+    c += 1
   }
 }
 
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ function emit_bind_props(model: Node, e: pointer) -> void {
 function spawn_record(n: Node, cn: pointer) -> Node {
   if (n == null) { return null }
   var i = 0
-  while i < len(n.kids) { if (n.kids[i].s == cn) { return n.kids[i].a };  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(n.kids) { if (n.kids[i].s == cn) { return n.kids[i].a };  i += 1 }
   return null
 }
 # a prefab's preset fields with the spawn's own overrides after them (later wins)
@@ -91,9 +91,9 @@ function merge_records(base: Node, over: Node) -> Node {
   if (over == null) { return base }
   let m = node(E_REC)
   var i = 0
-  while i < len(base.kids) { push(m.kids, base.kids[i]);  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(base.kids) { push(m.kids, base.kids[i]);  i += 1 }
   i = 0
-  while i < len(over.kids) { push(m.kids, over.kids[i]);  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(over.kids) { push(m.kids, over.kids[i]);  i += 1 }
   return m
 }
 
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ function spawn_model(name: pointer) -> pointer {
     let p = find_prefab(n)
     if (p == null) { return n }
     n = p.ty
-    depth = depth + 1
+    depth += 1
     if depth > 16 { perr(`prefab {name}: the chain of prefabs never reaches a model`) }
   }
   return n
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ function emit_spawn(st: Node) -> pointer {
     while c < len(arch.kids) {
       let cn = arch.kids[c].s
       emit_init_component(e, cn, merge_records(prefab_record(st.s, cn), spawn_record(st, cn)))
-      c = c + 1
+      c += 1
     }
     let ob = onspawn_body(model)                # @OnSpawn(Model) hook runs after init
     if (ob != null) {
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ function emit_spawn(st: Node) -> pointer {
     if (find_event(sev) != null) { emit("  call void @ev_");  emit(sev);  emit("(i32 ");  emit(e);  emit(")\n") }
   } else {
     var i = 0
-    while i < len(st.kids) { emit_init_component(e, st.kids[i].s, st.kids[i].a);  i = i + 1 }
+    while i < len(st.kids) { emit_init_component(e, st.kids[i].s, st.kids[i].a);  i += 1 }
   }
   return e                                        # the new entity id (for ludic_spawn_<M>)
 }
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ function emit_despawn(st: Node) -> void {
       let dev = `model_{mname}_despawn`                                                  # EV1: @Public despawn event
       if (find_event(dev) != null) { emit("  call void @ev_");  emit(dev);  emit("(i32 ");  emit(v.code);  emit(", i32 0)\n") }
       emit("  br label %");  emit(no);  emit("\n");  emit(no);  emit(":\n")
-      i = i + 1
+      i += 1
     }
   }
   if len(g_events) > 0 { emit("  call void @ludic_sweep_entity(i32 ");  emit(v.code);  emit(")\n") }   # EV5: drop entity-scoped listeners
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ function emit_detach(st: Node) -> void {
 # flag). A bare `<Model>` / `<Handler>` flips a global enabled flag.
 function find_sys(name: pointer) -> Node {
   var i = 0
-  while i < len(prog) { let d = prog[i];  if d.kind == N_SYS and (d.s == name) { return d };  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(prog) { let d = prog[i];  if d.kind == N_SYS and (d.s == name) { return d };  i += 1 }
   return null
 }
 function emit_toggle(st: Node) -> void {

selfhost/backend/game/emit_ui.ludic

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ function ui_wtype(w: Node) -> int {
 }
 function ui_prop(w: Node, key: pointer) -> Node {
   var i = 0
-  while i < len(w.b.kids) { if (w.b.kids[i].s == key) { return w.b.kids[i].a };  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(w.b.kids) { if (w.b.kids[i].s == key) { return w.b.kids[i].a };  i += 1 }
   return null
 }
 # a widget's props plus the text props (font, size, fg, align) it inherits from the
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ function ui_props_with_inherited(i: int) -> []Node {
   let w = uiw[i]
   let out = new []Node
   var p = 0
-  while p < len(w.b.kids) { push(out, w.b.kids[p]);  p = p + 1 }
+  while p < len(w.b.kids) { push(out, w.b.kids[p]);  p += 1 }
   let keys = new []pointer
   push(keys, "font");  push(keys, "size");  push(keys, "fg");  push(keys, "align")
   var k = 0
@@ -34,11 +34,11 @@ function ui_props_with_inherited(i: int) -> []Node {
       var a = uiw_parent[i]
       while a >= 0 {
         let v = ui_prop(uiw[a], keys[k])
-        if (v != null) { let fi = node(E_FINIT);  fi.s = keys[k];  fi.a = v;  push(out, fi);  a = 0 - 1 }
+        if (v != null) { let fi = node(E_FINIT);  fi.s = keys[k];  fi.a = v;  push(out, fi);  a = -1 }
         else { a = uiw_parent[a] }
       }
     }
-    k = k + 1
+    k += 1
   }
   return out
 }
@@ -46,19 +46,19 @@ function ui_flatten(w: Node, parent: int) -> void {
   let idx = len(uiw)
   push(uiw, w);  push(uiw_parent, parent)
   var i = 0
-  while i < len(w.kids) { ui_flatten(w.kids[i], idx);  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(w.kids) { ui_flatten(w.kids[i], idx);  i += 1 }
 }
 function ui_flatten_all() -> void {
   uiw = new []Node;  uiw_parent = new []int;  ui_roots = new []int
   var i = 0
   while i < len(prog) {
-    if prog[i].kind == N_UI and prog[i].ival == 1 { push(ui_roots, len(uiw));  ui_flatten(prog[i].a, 0 - 1) }
-    i = i + 1
+    if prog[i].kind == N_UI and prog[i].ival == 1 { push(ui_roots, len(uiw));  ui_flatten(prog[i].a, -1) }
+    i += 1
   }
 }
 function has_ui() -> bool {
   var i = 0
-  while i < len(prog) { if prog[i].kind == N_UI and prog[i].ival == 1 { return true };  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(prog) { if prog[i].kind == N_UI and prog[i].ival == 1 { return true };  i += 1 }
   return false
 }
 
@@ -69,19 +69,19 @@ function ui_index_of(nm: pointer) -> int {
   let u = 0;  var bi = 0
   var i = 0
   while i < len(prog) {
-    if prog[i].kind == N_UI and prog[i].ival == 1 { if (prog[i].s == s) { return ui_roots[bi] };  bi = bi + 1 }
-    i = i + 1
+    if prog[i].kind == N_UI and prog[i].ival == 1 { if (prog[i].s == s) { return ui_roots[bi] };  bi += 1 }
+    i += 1
   }
   i = 0
   while i < len(uiw) {
     let idp = ui_prop(uiw[i], "id")
     if (idp != null) { if idp.kind == E_ID and (idp.s == s) { return i } }
-    i = i + 1
+    i += 1
   }
   return 0
 }
 function is_ui_ident(nm: pointer) -> bool {
-  return len(nm) > 3 and nm[0] == 85 and nm[1] == 73 and nm[2] == 95   # "UI_"
+  return len(nm) > 3 and nm[0] == 'U' and nm[1] == 'I' and nm[2] == '_'   # "UI_"
 }
 
 function ll_ui_set(idx: int, key: int, val: pointer) -> void {
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ function ui_prop_key(k: pointer) -> int {
   if (k == "pad") { return 7 };  if (k == "gap") { return 8 };  if (k == "bg") { return 9 };  if (k == "fg") { return 10 }
   if (k == "border") { return 11 };  if (k == "grow") { return 13 };  if (k == "font") { return 14 };  if (k == "size") { return 15 }
   if (k == "inset") { return 16 };  if (k == "focus") { return 17 }
-  return 0 - 1
+  return -1
 }
 
 function emit_ui_build() -> void {
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ function emit_ui_build() -> void {
       let pr = props[p]
       let k = pr.s
       let v = pr.a
-      if (k == "id") or (k == "goto") { p = p + 1;  continue }
+      if (k == "id") or (k == "goto") { p += 1;  continue }
       if (k == "text") {
         let sv = emit_expr(v)
         emit("  call void @fn_rt_ui_static_text(i32 ");  emit(itoa(i));  emit(", ptr ");  emit(sv.code);  emit(")\n")
@@ -138,9 +138,9 @@ function emit_ui_build() -> void {
           if key == 4 or key == 5 { ll_ui_set(i, 6, "1") }
         }
       } } }
-      p = p + 1
+      p += 1
     }
-    i = i + 1
+    i += 1
   }
   code = saved
   emit("define void @ui_build() {\nentry:\n")

selfhost/backend/game/emit_world.ludic

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ function emit_world_table() -> void {
   # and prop_id fall through to this table for a prop id >= NC.
   var ncomp = 0
   var ci0 = 0
-  while ci0 < len(prog) { if prog[ci0].kind == N_COMP { ncomp = ncomp + 1 };  ci0 = ci0 + 1 }
+  while ci0 < len(prog) { if prog[ci0].kind == N_COMP { ncomp += 1 };  ci0 += 1 }
   let NC = itoa(ncomp)
   emith("@dyn_count = global i32 0\n")
   emith("@dynS = global [32 x ptr] zeroinitializer\n")     # storage base per dyn component
@@ -43,9 +43,9 @@ function emit_world_table() -> void {
       emit("  br i1 %e");  emit(sk);  emit(", label %h");  emit(sk);  emit(", label %n");  emit(sk);  emit("\n")
       emit("h");  emit(sk);  emit(":\n  ret i32 ");  emit(sk);  emit("\n")
       emit("n");  emit(sk);  emit(":\n")
-      k = k + 1
+      k += 1
     }
-    i = i + 1
+    i += 1
   }
   # EV7: not a compile-time component — search the dynamic (mod-registered) names
   emit("  %dpi = alloca i32\n  store i32 0, ptr %dpi\n  br label %dpl\n")
@@ -72,13 +72,13 @@ function emit_world_table() -> void {
         emit("  br i1 %fe");  emit(fk);  emit(", label %fh");  emit(fk);  emit(", label %fn");  emit(fk);  emit("\n")
         emit("fh");  emit(fk);  emit(":\n  ret i32 ");  emit(itoa(f));  emit("\n")
         emit("fn");  emit(fk);  emit(":\n")
-        f = f + 1
+        f += 1
       }
       emit("  ret i32 -1\n")
       emit("pn");  emit(sk);  emit(":\n")
-      k = k + 1
+      k += 1
     }
-    i = i + 1
+    i += 1
   }
   emit("  ret i32 -1\n}\n\n")
 
@@ -115,13 +115,13 @@ function emit_world_table() -> void {
           emit("  %gr");  emit(fk);  emit(" = sext i32 %gl");  emit(fk);  emit(" to i64\n  ret i64 %gr");  emit(fk);  emit("\n")
         } }
         emit("gk");  emit(fk);  emit(":\n")
-        fj = fj + 1
+        fj += 1
       }
       emit("  ret i64 0\n")
       emit("gn");  emit(sk);  emit(":\n")
-      k = k + 1
+      k += 1
     }
-    i = i + 1
+    i += 1
   }
   # EV7: prop id >= NC -> a mod-registered component; index its flat storage
   emit("  %gdyn = sub i32 %p, ");  emit(NC);  emit("\n")
@@ -158,13 +158,13 @@ function emit_world_table() -> void {
           emit("  store i32 %sw");  emit(fk);  emit(", ptr %sa");  emit(fk);  emit("\n  ret void\n")
         } }
         emit("sk");  emit(fk);  emit(":\n")
-        fj = fj + 1
+        fj += 1
       }
       emit("  ret void\n")
       emit("gn");  emit(sk);  emit(":\n")
-      k = k + 1
+      k += 1
     }
-    i = i + 1
+    i += 1
   }
   # EV7: prop id >= NC -> a mod-registered component
   emit("  %sdyn = sub i32 %p, ");  emit(NC);  emit("\n")
@@ -186,9 +186,9 @@ function emit_world_table() -> void {
       emit("  %hv");  emit(sk);  emit(" = load i8, ptr %hp");  emit(sk);  emit("\n")
       emit("  %hr");  emit(sk);  emit(" = zext i8 %hv");  emit(sk);  emit(" to i32\n  ret i32 %hr");  emit(sk);  emit("\n")
       emit("gn");  emit(sk);  emit(":\n")
-      k = k + 1
+      k += 1
     }
-    i = i + 1
+    i += 1
   }
   # EV7: prop id >= NC -> a mod-registered component's has-flag array
   emit("  %hdyn = sub i32 %p, ");  emit(NC);  emit("\n")
@@ -234,9 +234,9 @@ function emit_world_table() -> void {
       emit("  br i1 %mde");  emit(sk);  emit(", label %mdh");  emit(sk);  emit(", label %mdn");  emit(sk);  emit("\n")
       emit("mdh");  emit(sk);  emit(":\n  ret i32 ");  emit(itoa(find_arch_id(prog[i].s)));  emit("\n")
       emit("mdn");  emit(sk);  emit(":\n")
-      k = k + 1
+      k += 1
     }
-    i = i + 1
+    i += 1
   }
   emit("  ret i32 -1\n}\n\n")
 
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ function emit_world_table() -> void {
       emit(buf_str(fbody))
       emit("}\n\n")
     }
-    i = i + 1
+    i += 1
   }
   emit("define i32 @ludic_spawn(i32 %m) {\nentry:\n")
   k = 0;  i = 0
@@ -274,9 +274,9 @@ function emit_world_table() -> void {
       emit("  br i1 %sm");  emit(sk);  emit(", label %sh");  emit(sk);  emit(", label %sn");  emit(sk);  emit("\n")
       emit("sh");  emit(sk);  emit(":\n  %sr");  emit(sk);  emit(" = call i32 @ludic_spawn_");  emit(m);  emit("()\n  ret i32 %sr");  emit(sk);  emit("\n")
       emit("sn");  emit(sk);  emit(":\n")
-      k = k + 1
+      k += 1
     }
-    i = i + 1
+    i += 1
   }
   emit("  ret i32 -1\n}\n\n")
 
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ function emit_world_reflect_enum() -> void {
   # count the compile-time components (== the first dynamic prop id)
   var ncomp = 0
   var i = 0
-  while i < len(prog) { if prog[i].kind == N_COMP { ncomp = ncomp + 1 };  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(prog) { if prog[i].kind == N_COMP { ncomp += 1 };  i += 1 }
   let NC = itoa(ncomp)
 
   # ludic_prop_count() -> total property count (compile-time + mod-registered)
@@ -326,9 +326,9 @@ function emit_world_reflect_enum() -> void {
       emit("  br i1 %pe");  emit(sk);  emit(", label %ph");  emit(sk);  emit(", label %pn");  emit(sk);  emit("\n")
       emit("ph");  emit(sk);  emit(":\n  ret ptr ");  emit(sc);  emit("\n")
       emit("pn");  emit(sk);  emit(":\n")
-      k = k + 1
+      k += 1
     }
-    i = i + 1
+    i += 1
   }
   emit("  %dyn = sub i32 %i, ");  emit(NC);  emit("\n  %dc = load i32, ptr @dyn_count\n")
   emit("  %ib = icmp uge i32 %dyn, %dc\n  br i1 %ib, label %pbad, label %pdyn\n")
@@ -345,9 +345,9 @@ function emit_world_reflect_enum() -> void {
       emit("  br i1 %fce");  emit(sk);  emit(", label %fch");  emit(sk);  emit(", label %fcn");  emit(sk);  emit("\n")
       emit("fch");  emit(sk);  emit(":\n  ret i32 ");  emit(itoa(len(c.kids)));  emit("\n")
       emit("fcn");  emit(sk);  emit(":\n")
-      k = k + 1
+      k += 1
     }
-    i = i + 1
+    i += 1
   }
   emit("  %dyn = sub i32 %p, ");  emit(NC);  emit("\n  %dc = load i32, ptr @dyn_count\n")
   emit("  %ib = icmp uge i32 %dyn, %dc\n  br i1 %ib, label %fcbad, label %fcdyn\n")
@@ -370,13 +370,13 @@ function emit_world_reflect_enum() -> void {
         emit("  br i1 %fnfe");  emit(fk);  emit(", label %fnfh");  emit(fk);  emit(", label %fnfn");  emit(fk);  emit("\n")
         emit("fnfh");  emit(fk);  emit(":\n  ret ptr ");  emit(fc);  emit("\n")
         emit("fnfn");  emit(fk);  emit(":\n")
-        f = f + 1
+        f += 1
       }
       emit("  ret ptr ");  emit(empty);  emit("\n")
       emit("fnn");  emit(sk);  emit(":\n")
-      k = k + 1
+      k += 1
     }
-    i = i + 1
+    i += 1
   }
   emit("  ret ptr ");  emit(empty);  emit("\n}\n\n")
 
@@ -396,13 +396,13 @@ function emit_world_reflect_enum() -> void {
         emit("  br i1 %ftfe");  emit(fk);  emit(", label %ftfh");  emit(fk);  emit(", label %ftfn");  emit(fk);  emit("\n")
         emit("ftfh");  emit(fk);  emit(":\n  ret ptr ");  emit(tc);  emit("\n")
         emit("ftfn");  emit(fk);  emit(":\n")
-        f = f + 1
+        f += 1
       }
       emit("  ret ptr ");  emit(tint);  emit("\n")
       emit("ftn");  emit(sk);  emit(":\n")
-      k = k + 1
+      k += 1
     }
-    i = i + 1
+    i += 1
   }
   emit("  ret ptr ");  emit(tint);  emit("\n}\n\n")
 }
@@ -431,7 +431,7 @@ function emit_tick_helpers() -> void {
 function emit_game_defs() -> void {
   emit_system_registry()                  # #64: @ludic_register_system + the registry globals
   var i = 0
-  while i < len(prog) { if prog[i].kind == N_SYS { emit_system_fn(prog[i]) };  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(prog) { if prog[i].kind == N_SYS { emit_system_fn(prog[i]) };  i += 1 }
   emit_despawn_hooks()
   emit_scene_hooks()
   if has_countdowns() { emit_countdown_system() }   # `countdown` fields (see emit_game.ludic)
@@ -454,7 +454,7 @@ function emit_game_main() -> void {
     var si = 0
     while si < len(g_scenes) {
       if (g_scenes[si].ival == g_start_scene) { emit("  call void @scene_enter_");  emit(g_scenes[si].s);  emit("()\n") }
-      si = si + 1
+      si += 1
     }
   }
   if (find_event("program_start") != null) { emit("  call void @ev_program_start()\n") }   # EV1: @Public @OnStart
@@ -502,7 +502,8 @@ function emit_game_main() -> void {
   # with no @ClearColor is byte-identical (it clears/shows itself, or the light
   # system owns the present).
   if g_has_clear_color and (find_fn("rt_clear") != null) {
-    emit("  call void @fn_rt_clear(i32 ");  emit(itoa(g_clear_color));  emit(")\n")
+    let colour = emit_expr(g_clear_color)          # a literal, a const, or a Color.Name
+    emit("  call void @fn_rt_clear(i32 ");  emit(colour.code);  emit(")\n")
   }
   emit_calls_for_phase("Render")
   # Overlay: HUD / menus drawn after every engine Render system (sprites, lights), so

selfhost/backend/stdlib/emit_color.ludic

@@ -233,4 +233,3 @@ function color_lookup(name: pointer) -> int {
   if (name == "Orchid2") { return 0xAF69EF }
   return -1
 }
-

selfhost/backend/stdlib/emit_crypto.ludic

@@ -45,19 +45,19 @@ function emit_crypto_ns(meth: pointer, e: Node) -> Val {
   g_uses_cryptort = true
   if (meth == "sha256") {                           # SHA-256 -> 64-char hex string
     let s = emit_expr(e.kids[0])
-    return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @fn_sha256_hex(ptr {s.code})`), "string")
+    return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @lp_sha256_hex(ptr {s.code})`), "string")
   }
   if (meth == "hmac_sha256") {                      # HMAC-SHA256 -> 64-char hex string
     let k = emit_expr(e.kids[0]);  let m = emit_expr(e.kids[1])
-    return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @fn_hmac_sha256_hex(ptr {k.code}, ptr {m.code})`), "string")
+    return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @lp_hmac_sha256_hex(ptr {k.code}, ptr {m.code})`), "string")
   }
   if (meth == "hex") {                              # lowercase hex of a string's bytes
     let s = emit_expr(e.kids[0])
-    return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @fn_str_hex(ptr {s.code})`), "string")
+    return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @lp_str_hex(ptr {s.code})`), "string")
   }
   if (meth == "ct_equal") {                         # constant-time string equality -> bool
     let a = emit_expr(e.kids[0]);  let b = emit_expr(e.kids[1])
-    return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_ct_streq(ptr {a.code}, ptr {b.code})`), "bool")
+    return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @lp_ct_streq(ptr {a.code}, ptr {b.code})`), "bool")
   }
   # random_bytes(n) / random_hex(n): n bytes from the OS CSPRNG, returned as a
   # 2n-char lowercase hex string. A digest of raw bytes can contain NUL and a
@@ -65,21 +65,21 @@ function emit_crypto_ns(meth: pointer, e: Node) -> Val {
   if (meth == "random_bytes") or (meth == "random_hex") {
     let n = emit_expr(e.kids[0])
     let n64 = emit_bind(`sext i32 {n.code} to i64`)
-    return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @fn_random_hex(i64 {n64})`), "string")
+    return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @lp_random_hex(i64 {n64})`), "string")
   }
   if (meth == "random_u32") {                       # one CSPRNG-drawn 32-bit int
-    return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_random_u32()`), "int")
+    return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @lp_random_u32()`), "int")
   }
   if (meth == "base64") {                           # standard base64 (RFC 4648) of a string's bytes
     let s = emit_expr(e.kids[0])
-    return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @fn_base64(ptr {s.code})`), "string")
+    return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @lp_base64(ptr {s.code})`), "string")
   }
   # verify_hmac(key, msg, mac): recompute HMAC-SHA256(key, msg) and compare it to
   # the supplied hex `mac` in constant time. This is the safe way to check a MAC —
   # `==` would leak, byte by byte, how much of a forged MAC was correct.
   let k = emit_expr(e.kids[0]);  let m = emit_expr(e.kids[1]);  let mac = emit_expr(e.kids[2])
-  let computed = emit_bind(`call ptr @fn_hmac_sha256_hex(ptr {k.code}, ptr {m.code})`)
-  return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_ct_streq(ptr {computed}, ptr {mac.code})`), "bool")
+  let computed = emit_bind(`call ptr @lp_hmac_sha256_hex(ptr {k.code}, ptr {m.code})`)
+  return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @lp_ct_streq(ptr {computed}, ptr {mac.code})`), "bool")
 }
 
 # emit_crypto_prelude — the SHA-256 / HMAC-SHA256 runtime, emitted once per program
@@ -91,13 +91,13 @@ function emit_crypto_prelude() -> void {
   emith("@sha256_K = private unnamed_addr constant [64 x i32] [i32 1116352408, i32 1899447441, i32 -1245643825, i32 -373957723, i32 961987163, i32 1508970993, i32 -1841331548, i32 -1424204075, i32 -670586216, i32 310598401, i32 607225278, i32 1426881987, i32 1925078388, i32 -2132889090, i32 -1680079193, i32 -1046744716, i32 -459576895, i32 -272742522, i32 264347078, i32 604807628, i32 770255983, i32 1249150122, i32 1555081692, i32 1996064986, i32 -1740746414, i32 -1473132947, i32 -1341970488, i32 -1084653625, i32 -958395405, i32 -710438585, i32 113926993, i32 338241895, i32 666307205, i32 773529912, i32 1294757372, i32 1396182291, i32 1695183700, i32 1986661051, i32 -2117940946, i32 -1838011259, i32 -1564481375, i32 -1474664885, i32 -1035236496, i32 -949202525, i32 -778901479, i32 -694614492, i32 -200395387, i32 275423344, i32 430227734, i32 506948616, i32 659060556, i32 883997877, i32 958139571, i32 1322822218, i32 1537002063, i32 1747873779, i32 1955562222, i32 2024104815, i32 -2067236844, i32 -1933114872, i32 -1866530822, i32 -1538233109, i32 -1090935817, i32 -965641998]\n")
 
   # rotate a 32-bit word right by %n (1..31)
-  emith("define i32 @fn_rotr32(i32 %x, i32 %n) {\n")
+  emith("define i32 @lp_rotr32(i32 %x, i32 %n) {\n")
   emith("  %r = lshr i32 %x, %n\n  %m = sub i32 32, %n\n  %l = shl i32 %x, %m\n  %o = or i32 %r, %l\n  ret i32 %o\n}\n")
 
   # SHA-256 of %len bytes at %msg -> the 32 raw digest bytes at %out. Pads into a
   # fresh malloc'd buffer (append 0x80, zero-fill, 64-bit big-endian bit length),
   # then runs the standard 64-round compression over each 512-bit block.
-  emith("define void @fn_sha256_buf(ptr %msg, i64 %len, ptr %out) {\n")
+  emith("define void @lp_sha256_buf(ptr %msg, i64 %len, ptr %out) {\n")
   emith("entry:\n")
   emith("  %H = alloca [8 x i32]\n  %W = alloca [64 x i32]\n")
   emith("  %a = alloca i32\n  %b = alloca i32\n  %c = alloca i32\n  %d = alloca i32\n  %e = alloca i32\n  %f = alloca i32\n  %g = alloca i32\n  %h = alloca i32\n")
@@ -149,10 +149,10 @@ function emit_crypto_prelude() -> void {
   emith("w2c:\n  %xi = load i64, ptr %ip\n  %xilt = icmp slt i64 %xi, 64\n  br i1 %xilt, label %w2b, label %compinit\n")
   emith("w2b:\n")
   emith("  %im15 = sub i64 %xi, 15\n  %pm15 = getelementptr [64 x i32], ptr %W, i64 0, i64 %im15\n  %w15 = load i32, ptr %pm15\n")
-  emith("  %r7 = call i32 @fn_rotr32(i32 %w15, i32 7)\n  %r18 = call i32 @fn_rotr32(i32 %w15, i32 18)\n  %sh3 = lshr i32 %w15, 3\n")
+  emith("  %r7 = call i32 @lp_rotr32(i32 %w15, i32 7)\n  %r18 = call i32 @lp_rotr32(i32 %w15, i32 18)\n  %sh3 = lshr i32 %w15, 3\n")
   emith("  %x01 = xor i32 %r7, %r18\n  %s0 = xor i32 %x01, %sh3\n")
   emith("  %im2 = sub i64 %xi, 2\n  %pm2 = getelementptr [64 x i32], ptr %W, i64 0, i64 %im2\n  %w2v = load i32, ptr %pm2\n")
-  emith("  %r17 = call i32 @fn_rotr32(i32 %w2v, i32 17)\n  %r19 = call i32 @fn_rotr32(i32 %w2v, i32 19)\n  %sh10 = lshr i32 %w2v, 10\n")
+  emith("  %r17 = call i32 @lp_rotr32(i32 %w2v, i32 17)\n  %r19 = call i32 @lp_rotr32(i32 %w2v, i32 19)\n  %sh10 = lshr i32 %w2v, 10\n")
   emith("  %x02 = xor i32 %r17, %r19\n  %s1 = xor i32 %x02, %sh10\n")
   emith("  %im16 = sub i64 %xi, 16\n  %pm16 = getelementptr [64 x i32], ptr %W, i64 0, i64 %im16\n  %w16 = load i32, ptr %pm16\n")
   emith("  %im7 = sub i64 %xi, 7\n  %pm7 = getelementptr [64 x i32], ptr %W, i64 0, i64 %im7\n  %w7 = load i32, ptr %pm7\n")
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ function emit_crypto_prelude() -> void {
   emith("  %av = load i32, ptr %a\n  %bv = load i32, ptr %b\n  %cvv = load i32, ptr %c\n  %dv = load i32, ptr %d\n")
   emith("  %ev = load i32, ptr %e\n  %fv = load i32, ptr %f\n  %gv = load i32, ptr %g\n  %hv = load i32, ptr %h\n")
   # S1 = rotr(e,6) ^ rotr(e,11) ^ rotr(e,25);  ch = (e & f) ^ (~e & g)
-  emith("  %e6 = call i32 @fn_rotr32(i32 %ev, i32 6)\n  %e11 = call i32 @fn_rotr32(i32 %ev, i32 11)\n  %e25 = call i32 @fn_rotr32(i32 %ev, i32 25)\n")
+  emith("  %e6 = call i32 @lp_rotr32(i32 %ev, i32 6)\n  %e11 = call i32 @lp_rotr32(i32 %ev, i32 11)\n  %e25 = call i32 @lp_rotr32(i32 %ev, i32 25)\n")
   emith("  %S1a = xor i32 %e6, %e11\n  %S1 = xor i32 %S1a, %e25\n")
   emith("  %ef = and i32 %ev, %fv\n  %ne = xor i32 %ev, -1\n  %neg = and i32 %ne, %gv\n  %ch = xor i32 %ef, %neg\n")
   emith("  %kp = getelementptr [64 x i32], ptr @sha256_K, i64 0, i64 %ri\n  %kv = load i32, ptr %kp\n")
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ function emit_crypto_prelude() -> void {
   # temp1 = h + S1 + ch + K[i] + W[i]
   emith("  %t1a = add i32 %hv, %S1\n  %t1b = add i32 %t1a, %ch\n  %t1c = add i32 %t1b, %kv\n  %temp1 = add i32 %t1c, %wvr\n")
   # S0 = rotr(a,2) ^ rotr(a,13) ^ rotr(a,22);  maj = (a&b) ^ (a&c) ^ (b&c)
-  emith("  %a2r = call i32 @fn_rotr32(i32 %av, i32 2)\n  %a13 = call i32 @fn_rotr32(i32 %av, i32 13)\n  %a22 = call i32 @fn_rotr32(i32 %av, i32 22)\n")
+  emith("  %a2r = call i32 @lp_rotr32(i32 %av, i32 2)\n  %a13 = call i32 @lp_rotr32(i32 %av, i32 13)\n  %a22 = call i32 @lp_rotr32(i32 %av, i32 22)\n")
   emith("  %S0a = xor i32 %a2r, %a13\n  %S0 = xor i32 %S0a, %a22\n")
   emith("  %ab = and i32 %av, %bv\n  %ac = and i32 %av, %cvv\n  %bc = and i32 %bv, %cvv\n  %mj1 = xor i32 %ab, %ac\n  %maj = xor i32 %mj1, %bc\n")
   emith("  %temp2 = add i32 %S0, %maj\n")
@@ -218,37 +218,37 @@ function emit_crypto_prelude() -> void {
   emith("freeb:\n  call void @free(ptr %buf)\n  ret void\n}\n")
 
   # one hex digit (0..15) -> its lowercase ASCII byte
-  emith("define i8 @fn_hex_digit(i32 %d) {\n")
+  emith("define i8 @lp_hex_digit(i32 %d) {\n")
   emith("  %lt = icmp ult i32 %d, 10\n  %base = select i1 %lt, i32 48, i32 87\n  %v = add i32 %base, %d\n  %c = trunc i32 %v to i8\n  ret i8 %c\n}\n")
 
   # hex-encode %n bytes at %in -> a fresh null-terminated 2n-char string
-  emith("define ptr @fn_hex_encode(ptr %in, i64 %n) {\n")
+  emith("define ptr @lp_hex_encode(ptr %in, i64 %n) {\n")
   emith("entry:\n  %ip = alloca i64\n  %olen = shl i64 %n, 1\n  %olen1 = add i64 %olen, 1\n  %s = call ptr @malloc(i64 %olen1)\n  store i64 0, ptr %ip\n  br label %c\n")
   emith("c:\n  %i = load i64, ptr %ip\n  %lt = icmp ult i64 %i, %n\n  br i1 %lt, label %bdy, label %done\n")
   emith("bdy:\n  %pp = getelementptr i8, ptr %in, i64 %i\n  %byte = load i8, ptr %pp\n  %bz = zext i8 %byte to i32\n")
-  emith("  %hi = lshr i32 %bz, 4\n  %lo = and i32 %bz, 15\n  %hc = call i8 @fn_hex_digit(i32 %hi)\n  %lc = call i8 @fn_hex_digit(i32 %lo)\n")
+  emith("  %hi = lshr i32 %bz, 4\n  %lo = and i32 %bz, 15\n  %hc = call i8 @lp_hex_digit(i32 %hi)\n  %lc = call i8 @lp_hex_digit(i32 %lo)\n")
   emith("  %oi = shl i64 %i, 1\n  %o0 = getelementptr i8, ptr %s, i64 %oi\n  store i8 %hc, ptr %o0\n  %oi1 = add i64 %oi, 1\n  %o1 = getelementptr i8, ptr %s, i64 %oi1\n  store i8 %lc, ptr %o1\n")
   emith("  %in1 = add i64 %i, 1\n  store i64 %in1, ptr %ip\n  br label %c\n")
   emith("done:\n  %tp = getelementptr i8, ptr %s, i64 %olen\n  store i8 0, ptr %tp\n  ret ptr %s\n}\n")
 
   # SHA-256 of a null-terminated string -> 64-char hex
-  emith("define ptr @fn_sha256_hex(ptr %s) {\n")
+  emith("define ptr @lp_sha256_hex(ptr %s) {\n")
   emith("entry:\n  %dig = alloca [32 x i8]\n  %len = call i64 @strlen(ptr %s)\n  %dp = getelementptr [32 x i8], ptr %dig, i64 0, i64 0\n")
-  emith("  call void @fn_sha256_buf(ptr %s, i64 %len, ptr %dp)\n  %hex = call ptr @fn_hex_encode(ptr %dp, i64 32)\n  ret ptr %hex\n}\n")
+  emith("  call void @lp_sha256_buf(ptr %s, i64 %len, ptr %dp)\n  %hex = call ptr @lp_hex_encode(ptr %dp, i64 32)\n  ret ptr %hex\n}\n")
 
   # hex of a whole null-terminated string's bytes
-  emith("define ptr @fn_str_hex(ptr %s) {\n")
-  emith("  %n = call i64 @strlen(ptr %s)\n  %h = call ptr @fn_hex_encode(ptr %s, i64 %n)\n  ret ptr %h\n}\n")
+  emith("define ptr @lp_str_hex(ptr %s) {\n")
+  emith("  %n = call i64 @strlen(ptr %s)\n  %h = call ptr @lp_hex_encode(ptr %s, i64 %n)\n  ret ptr %h\n}\n")
 
   # xor 64 bytes of %src with the byte %pad into %dst (the HMAC key padding step)
-  emith("define void @fn_xor64(ptr %dst, ptr %src, i32 %pad) {\n")
+  emith("define void @lp_xor64(ptr %dst, ptr %src, i32 %pad) {\n")
   emith("entry:\n  %ip = alloca i64\n  store i64 0, ptr %ip\n  br label %c\n")
   emith("c:\n  %i = load i64, ptr %ip\n  %lt = icmp ult i64 %i, 64\n  br i1 %lt, label %b, label %d\n")
   emith("b:\n  %sp = getelementptr i8, ptr %src, i64 %i\n  %sv = load i8, ptr %sp\n  %sz = zext i8 %sv to i32\n  %xr = xor i32 %sz, %pad\n  %xb = trunc i32 %xr to i8\n  %dp = getelementptr i8, ptr %dst, i64 %i\n  store i8 %xb, ptr %dp\n  %in = add i64 %i, 1\n  store i64 %in, ptr %ip\n  br label %c\n")
   emith("d:\n  ret void\n}\n")
 
   # HMAC-SHA256(key, msg) -> 64-char hex (RFC 2104, block size 64).
-  emith("define ptr @fn_hmac_sha256_hex(ptr %key, ptr %msg) {\n")
+  emith("define ptr @lp_hmac_sha256_hex(ptr %key, ptr %msg) {\n")
   emith("entry:\n")
   emith("  %k0 = alloca [64 x i8]\n  %inner = alloca [32 x i8]\n  %outbuf = alloca [96 x i8]\n  %fin = alloca [32 x i8]\n")
   emith("  %klen = call i64 @strlen(ptr %key)\n  %mlen = call i64 @strlen(ptr %msg)\n")
@@ -256,24 +256,24 @@ function emit_crypto_prelude() -> void {
   # K0: a key longer than the block is replaced by its own hash; otherwise it is
   # right-zero-padded to 64 bytes.
   emith("  %big = icmp ugt i64 %klen, 64\n  br i1 %big, label %hashk, label %copyk\n")
-  emith("hashk:\n  call void @fn_sha256_buf(ptr %key, i64 %klen, ptr %k0p)\n  br label %pads\n")
+  emith("hashk:\n  call void @lp_sha256_buf(ptr %key, i64 %klen, ptr %k0p)\n  br label %pads\n")
   emith("copyk:\n  call ptr @memcpy(ptr %k0p, ptr %key, i64 %klen)\n  br label %pads\n")
   emith("pads:\n")
   # inner = SHA-256( (K0 ^ ipad) || msg ),  ipad = 0x36
   emith("  %inlen = add i64 64, %mlen\n  %inbuf = call ptr @malloc(i64 %inlen)\n")
-  emith("  call void @fn_xor64(ptr %inbuf, ptr %k0p, i32 54)\n")
+  emith("  call void @lp_xor64(ptr %inbuf, ptr %k0p, i32 54)\n")
   emith("  %inmsg = getelementptr i8, ptr %inbuf, i64 64\n  call ptr @memcpy(ptr %inmsg, ptr %msg, i64 %mlen)\n")
-  emith("  %innerp = getelementptr [32 x i8], ptr %inner, i64 0, i64 0\n  call void @fn_sha256_buf(ptr %inbuf, i64 %inlen, ptr %innerp)\n  call void @free(ptr %inbuf)\n")
+  emith("  %innerp = getelementptr [32 x i8], ptr %inner, i64 0, i64 0\n  call void @lp_sha256_buf(ptr %inbuf, i64 %inlen, ptr %innerp)\n  call void @free(ptr %inbuf)\n")
   # digest = SHA-256( (K0 ^ opad) || inner ),  opad = 0x5c
-  emith("  %outp = getelementptr [96 x i8], ptr %outbuf, i64 0, i64 0\n  call void @fn_xor64(ptr %outp, ptr %k0p, i32 92)\n")
+  emith("  %outp = getelementptr [96 x i8], ptr %outbuf, i64 0, i64 0\n  call void @lp_xor64(ptr %outp, ptr %k0p, i32 92)\n")
   emith("  %outmsg = getelementptr i8, ptr %outbuf, i64 64\n  call ptr @memcpy(ptr %outmsg, ptr %innerp, i64 32)\n")
-  emith("  %finp = getelementptr [32 x i8], ptr %fin, i64 0, i64 0\n  call void @fn_sha256_buf(ptr %outp, i64 96, ptr %finp)\n")
-  emith("  %hex = call ptr @fn_hex_encode(ptr %finp, i64 32)\n  ret ptr %hex\n}\n")
+  emith("  %finp = getelementptr [32 x i8], ptr %fin, i64 0, i64 0\n  call void @lp_sha256_buf(ptr %outp, i64 96, ptr %finp)\n")
+  emith("  %hex = call ptr @lp_hex_encode(ptr %finp, i64 32)\n  ret ptr %hex\n}\n")
 
   # constant-time equality of two null-terminated strings. Length is not secret,
   # so an unequal length returns early; equal-length inputs are compared with a
   # data-independent XOR-accumulate that never short-circuits.
-  emith("define i32 @fn_ct_streq(ptr %a, ptr %b) {\n")
+  emith("define i32 @lp_ct_streq(ptr %a, ptr %b) {\n")
   emith("entry:\n  %accp = alloca i32\n  %ip = alloca i64\n  %la = call i64 @strlen(ptr %a)\n  %lb = call i64 @strlen(ptr %b)\n  %eqlen = icmp eq i64 %la, %lb\n  br i1 %eqlen, label %go, label %ne\n")
   emith("ne:\n  ret i32 0\n")
   emith("go:\n  store i32 0, ptr %accp\n  store i64 0, ptr %ip\n  br label %c\n")
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ function emit_secure_rand_prelude() -> void {
 
   # fill %n bytes at %out from the OS CSPRNG. If /dev/urandom cannot be opened the
   # buffer is zeroed (documented degraded mode — e.g. wasm), never left uninit.
-  emith("define void @fn_secure_bytes(ptr %out, i64 %n) {\n")
+  emith("define void @lp_secure_bytes(ptr %out, i64 %n) {\n")
   emith("entry:\n  call ptr @memset(ptr %out, i32 0, i64 %n)\n")
   emith("  %fp = call ptr @fopen(ptr @.ludic_urandom, ptr @.ludic_rbmode)\n")
   emith("  %isnull = icmp eq ptr %fp, null\n  br i1 %isnull, label %fail, label %ok\n")
@@ -303,13 +303,13 @@ function emit_secure_rand_prelude() -> void {
   emith("fail:\n  ret void\n}\n")
 
   # %n secure bytes -> a fresh 2n-char lowercase hex string
-  emith("define ptr @fn_random_hex(i64 %n) {\n")
-  emith("entry:\n  %buf = call ptr @malloc(i64 %n)\n  call void @fn_secure_bytes(ptr %buf, i64 %n)\n")
-  emith("  %hex = call ptr @fn_hex_encode(ptr %buf, i64 %n)\n  call void @free(ptr %buf)\n  ret ptr %hex\n}\n")
+  emith("define ptr @lp_random_hex(i64 %n) {\n")
+  emith("entry:\n  %buf = call ptr @malloc(i64 %n)\n  call void @lp_secure_bytes(ptr %buf, i64 %n)\n")
+  emith("  %hex = call ptr @lp_hex_encode(ptr %buf, i64 %n)\n  call void @free(ptr %buf)\n  ret ptr %hex\n}\n")
 
   # one CSPRNG-drawn i32 (little-endian assembly of four secure bytes)
-  emith("define i32 @fn_random_u32() {\n")
-  emith("entry:\n  %b = alloca [4 x i8]\n  %bp = getelementptr [4 x i8], ptr %b, i64 0, i64 0\n  call void @fn_secure_bytes(ptr %bp, i64 4)\n")
+  emith("define i32 @lp_random_u32() {\n")
+  emith("entry:\n  %b = alloca [4 x i8]\n  %bp = getelementptr [4 x i8], ptr %b, i64 0, i64 0\n  call void @lp_secure_bytes(ptr %bp, i64 4)\n")
   emith("  %p0 = getelementptr i8, ptr %bp, i64 0\n  %c0 = load i8, ptr %p0\n  %z0 = zext i8 %c0 to i32\n")
   emith("  %p1 = getelementptr i8, ptr %bp, i64 1\n  %c1 = load i8, ptr %p1\n  %z1 = zext i8 %c1 to i32\n  %s1 = shl i32 %z1, 8\n")
   emith("  %p2 = getelementptr i8, ptr %bp, i64 2\n  %c2 = load i8, ptr %p2\n  %z2 = zext i8 %c2 to i32\n  %s2 = shl i32 %z2, 16\n")
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ function emit_secure_rand_prelude() -> void {
   # standard base64 (RFC 4648, '+' '/' alphabet, '=' padding). The input is copied
   # into a zero-padded buffer rounded up to a multiple of 3, so the 3-byte group
   # loop never reads past the string; trailing '=' are written per the remainder.
-  emith("define ptr @fn_base64(ptr %s) {\n")
+  emith("define ptr @lp_base64(ptr %s) {\n")
   emith("entry:\n  %n = call i64 @strlen(ptr %s)\n")
   emith("  %n2 = add i64 %n, 2\n  %grp = udiv i64 %n2, 3\n  %bufn = mul i64 %grp, 3\n")
   emith("  %olen = mul i64 %grp, 4\n  %olen1 = add i64 %olen, 1\n  %out = call ptr @malloc(i64 %olen1)\n")

selfhost/backend/stdlib/emit_datetime.ludic

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 #              (UTC), matching Time.now().
 # The two civil<->epoch conversions are Howard Hinnant's public-domain algorithms
 # (chrono-compatible, proleptic Gregorian), emitted once per program as the
-# @fn_days_from_civil / @fn_civil_from_days prelude and gated by g_uses_datert.
+# @lp_days_from_civil / @lp_civil_from_days prelude and gated by g_uses_datert.
 # v1 is UTC-only with no leap seconds; instants are assumed non-negative (dates
 # at or after 1970). Timezones, format/parse and a game-controlled simulated
 # clock are tracked follow-ups.
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ function date_component(ed: pointer, which: int) -> pointer {
   let yp = emit_alloca("i32")
   let mp = emit_alloca("i32")
   let dp = emit_alloca("i32")
-  emit(`  call void @fn_civil_from_days(i32 {ed}, ptr {yp}, ptr {mp}, ptr {dp})\n`)
+  emit(`  call void @lp_civil_from_days(i32 {ed}, ptr {yp}, ptr {mp}, ptr {dp})\n`)
   var p = yp
   if (which == 1) { p = mp }
   if (which == 2) { p = dp }
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ function emit_date_ns(meth: pointer, e: Node) -> Val {
   if (meth == "new") {                              # new(year, month, day) -> Date (epoch-day)
     g_uses_datert = true
     let y = emit_expr(e.kids[0]);  let m = emit_expr(e.kids[1]);  let d = emit_expr(e.kids[2])
-    return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_days_from_civil(i32 {y.code}, i32 {m.code}, i32 {d.code})`), "int")
+    return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @lp_days_from_civil(i32 {y.code}, i32 {m.code}, i32 {d.code})`), "int")
   }
   if (meth == "year")  { let ed = emit_expr(e.kids[0]);  return val(date_component(ed.code, 0), "int") }
   if (meth == "month") { let ed = emit_expr(e.kids[0]);  return val(date_component(ed.code, 1), "int") }
@@ -84,13 +84,13 @@ function emit_date_ns(meth: pointer, e: Node) -> Val {
   if (meth == "days_in_month") {                    # length of (year, month) = next month's day 0
     g_uses_datert = true
     let y = emit_expr(e.kids[0]);  let m = emit_expr(e.kids[1])
-    let this = emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_days_from_civil(i32 {y.code}, i32 {m.code}, i32 1)`)
-    let dec = emit_bind(`icmp eq i32 {m.code}, 12`) # December rolls over to next January
+    let this = emit_bind(`call i32 @lp_days_from_civil(i32 {y.code}, i32 {m.code}, i32 1)`)
+    let dec = emit_bind(`icmp eq i32 {m.code}, 12`)  # December rolls over to next January
     let ny = emit_bind(`add i32 {y.code}, 1`)
     let ny2 = emit_bind(`select i1 {dec}, i32 {ny}, i32 {y.code}`)
     let nm = emit_bind(`add i32 {m.code}, 1`)
     let nm2 = emit_bind(`select i1 {dec}, i32 1, i32 {nm}`)
-    let next = emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_days_from_civil(i32 {ny2}, i32 {nm2}, i32 1)`)
+    let next = emit_bind(`call i32 @lp_days_from_civil(i32 {ny2}, i32 {nm2}, i32 1)`)
     return val(emit_bind(`sub i32 {next}, {this}`), "int")
   }
   if (meth == "to_epoch") {                         # midnight UTC of the day, as a DateTime instant
@@ -132,21 +132,21 @@ function is_datetime_ns(meth: pointer) -> bool {
 
 # concat two runtime string codes -> a fresh string code
 function dt_concat(a: pointer, b: pointer) -> pointer {
-  return emit_bind(`call ptr @fn_str_concat(ptr {a}, ptr {b})`)
+  return emit_bind(`call ptr @lp_str_concat(ptr {a}, ptr {b})`)
 }
 
 # does the pattern have token `tok` (length tlen) starting at index i?
 function dt_tok_at(pat: pointer, n: int, i: int, tok: pointer, tlen: int) -> bool {
   if (i + tlen) > n { return false }
   var k = 0
-  while k < tlen { if pat[i + k] != tok[k] { return false };  k = k + 1 }
+  while k < tlen { if pat[i + k] != tok[k] { return false };  k += 1 }
   return true
 }
 
 # DateTime.format(t, "pattern") -> string. The pattern MUST be a string literal;
 # the tokens YYYY / YY / MM / DD / HH / mm / ss expand to zero-padded fields and
 # every other character is copied through verbatim. Expanded at compile time into
-# a fold of @fn_str_concat over literal runs and @fn_dt_pad0 field conversions.
+# a fold of @lp_str_concat over literal runs and @lp_dt_pad0 field conversions.
 function emit_datetime_format(e: Node) -> Val {
   g_uses_datert = true
   g_uses_str = true
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ function emit_datetime_format(e: Node) -> Val {
   # compute all six components once
   let ed = dt_epochday(t.code)
   let yp = emit_alloca("i32");  let mp = emit_alloca("i32");  let dp = emit_alloca("i32")
-  emit(`  call void @fn_civil_from_days(i32 {ed}, ptr {yp}, ptr {mp}, ptr {dp})\n`)
+  emit(`  call void @lp_civil_from_days(i32 {ed}, ptr {yp}, ptr {mp}, ptr {dp})\n`)
   let yv = emit_bind(`load i32, ptr {yp}`)
   let mv = emit_bind(`load i32, ptr {mp}`)
   let dv = emit_bind(`load i32, ptr {dp}`)
@@ -179,14 +179,14 @@ function emit_datetime_format(e: Node) -> Val {
     else { if dt_tok_at(pat, n, i, "HH", 2) { field = hh;  width = 2;  tlen = 2 }
     else { if dt_tok_at(pat, n, i, "mm", 2) { field = mi;  width = 2;  tlen = 2 }
     else { if dt_tok_at(pat, n, i, "ss", 2) { field = ss;  width = 2;  tlen = 2 } } } } } } }
-    if (field == null) { buf_putc(lit, pat[i]);  i = i + 1 }
+    if (field == null) { buf_putc(lit, pat[i]);  i += 1 }
     else {
       let ls = buf_str(lit)
       if len(ls) > 0 { acc = dt_concat(acc, emit_str_const(ls)) }
-      let piece = emit_bind(`call ptr @fn_dt_pad0(i32 {field}, i32 {width})`)
+      let piece = emit_bind(`call ptr @lp_dt_pad0(i32 {field}, i32 {width})`)
       acc = dt_concat(acc, piece)
       lit.len = 0                                    # start a fresh literal run
-      i = i + tlen
+      i += tlen
     }
   }
   let tail = buf_str(lit)
@@ -223,12 +223,12 @@ function emit_datetime_parse(e: Node) -> Val {
     else { if dt_tok_at(pat, n, i, "HH", 2) { slot = hp;  width = 2;  tlen = 2 }
     else { if dt_tok_at(pat, n, i, "mm", 2) { slot = np;  width = 2;  tlen = 2 }
     else { if dt_tok_at(pat, n, i, "ss", 2) { slot = sp;  width = 2;  tlen = 2 } } } } } }
-    if (slot == null) { off = off + 1;  i = i + 1 }
+    if (slot == null) { off += 1;  i += 1 }
     else {
-      let rd = emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_dt_rd(ptr {s.code}, i32 {itoa(off)}, i32 {width}, ptr {failp})`)
+      let rd = emit_bind(`call i32 @lp_dt_rd(ptr {s.code}, i32 {itoa(off)}, i32 {width}, ptr {failp})`)
       store_at("i32", rd, slot)
-      off = off + width
-      i = i + tlen
+      off += width
+      i += tlen
     }
   }
   let y = emit_bind(`load i32, ptr {yp}`)
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ function emit_datetime_parse(e: Node) -> Val {
   let h = emit_bind(`load i32, ptr {hp}`)
   let mn = emit_bind(`load i32, ptr {np}`)
   let sc = emit_bind(`load i32, ptr {sp}`)
-  let ed = emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_days_from_civil(i32 {y}, i32 {mo}, i32 {d})`)
+  let ed = emit_bind(`call i32 @lp_days_from_civil(i32 {y}, i32 {mo}, i32 {d})`)
   let days = emit_bind(`mul i32 {ed}, 86400`)
   let hs = emit_bind(`mul i32 {h}, 3600`)
   let ns = emit_bind(`mul i32 {mn}, 60`)
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ function emit_datetime_ns(meth: pointer, e: Node) -> Val {
     g_uses_datert = true
     let y = emit_expr(e.kids[0]);  let mo = emit_expr(e.kids[1]);  let d = emit_expr(e.kids[2])
     let h = emit_expr(e.kids[3]);  let mi = emit_expr(e.kids[4]);  let s = emit_expr(e.kids[5])
-    let ed = emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_days_from_civil(i32 {y.code}, i32 {mo.code}, i32 {d.code})`)
+    let ed = emit_bind(`call i32 @lp_days_from_civil(i32 {y.code}, i32 {mo.code}, i32 {d.code})`)
     let days = emit_bind(`mul i32 {ed}, 86400`)
     let hh = emit_bind(`mul i32 {h.code}, 3600`)
     let mm = emit_bind(`mul i32 {mi.code}, 60`)
@@ -306,8 +306,8 @@ function emit_datetime_ns(meth: pointer, e: Node) -> Val {
 # are deterministic and bit-identical everywhere. 719468 is the day count from
 # 0000-03-01 to 1970-01-01; 146097 is the days in a 400-year era.
 function emit_datetime_prelude() -> void {
-  # @fn_days_from_civil(y, m, d) -> days since 1970-01-01
-  emith("define i32 @fn_days_from_civil(i32 %y0, i32 %m, i32 %d) {\n")
+  # @lp_days_from_civil(y, m, d) -> days since 1970-01-01
+  emith("define i32 @lp_days_from_civil(i32 %y0, i32 %m, i32 %d) {\n")
   emith("  %mle2 = icmp sle i32 %m, 2\n")
   emith("  %ysub = select i1 %mle2, i32 1, i32 0\n")
   emith("  %y = sub i32 %y0, %ysub\n")
@@ -336,9 +336,9 @@ function emit_datetime_prelude() -> void {
   emith("  %r = sub i32 %r0, 719468\n")
   emith("  ret i32 %r\n")
   emith("}\n")
-  # @fn_civil_from_days(z0, yp, mp, dp): write the civil (year, month, day) of
+  # @lp_civil_from_days(z0, yp, mp, dp): write the civil (year, month, day) of
   # the epoch-day z0 through the three out-pointers.
-  emith("define void @fn_civil_from_days(i32 %z0, ptr %yp, ptr %mp, ptr %dp) {\n")
+  emith("define void @lp_civil_from_days(i32 %z0, ptr %yp, ptr %mp, ptr %dp) {\n")
   emith("  %z = add i32 %z0, 719468\n")
   emith("  %zneg = icmp slt i32 %z, 0\n")
   emith("  %zm = sub i32 %z, 146096\n")
@@ -381,9 +381,9 @@ function emit_datetime_prelude() -> void {
   emith("  store i32 %dd, ptr %dp\n")
   emith("  ret void\n")
   emith("}\n")
-  # @fn_dt_pad0(v, w): a fresh, malloc'd, w-digit zero-padded decimal of v
+  # @lp_dt_pad0(v, w): a fresh, malloc'd, w-digit zero-padded decimal of v
   # (v assumed non-negative). Backs DateTime.format's numeric fields.
-  emith("define ptr @fn_dt_pad0(i32 %v, i32 %w) {\n")
+  emith("define ptr @lp_dt_pad0(i32 %v, i32 %w) {\n")
   emith("  %we = zext i32 %w to i64\n")
   emith("  %sz = add i64 %we, 1\n")
   emith("  %buf = call ptr @malloc(i64 %sz)\n")
@@ -397,9 +397,9 @@ function emit_datetime_prelude() -> void {
   emith("  %cp = getelementptr i8, ptr %buf, i32 %k\n  store i8 %ch8, ptr %cp\n")
   emith("  %vn = sdiv i32 %vv, 10\n  store i32 %vn, ptr %vp\n  %kn = sub i32 %k, 1\n  store i32 %kn, ptr %kp\n  br label %loop\n")
   emith("done:\n  ret ptr %buf\n}\n")
-  # @fn_dt_rd(s, off, w, failp): read w decimal digits of s starting at off into an
+  # @lp_dt_rd(s, off, w, failp): read w decimal digits of s starting at off into an
   # int; on any non-digit set *failp = 1. Backs DateTime.parse's fixed-width fields.
-  emith("define i32 @fn_dt_rd(ptr %s, i32 %off, i32 %w, ptr %failp) {\n")
+  emith("define i32 @lp_dt_rd(ptr %s, i32 %off, i32 %w, ptr %failp) {\n")
   emith("  %accp = alloca i32\n  store i32 0, ptr %accp\n  %kp = alloca i32\n  store i32 0, ptr %kp\n")
   emith("  br label %loop\n")
   emith("loop:\n  %k = load i32, ptr %kp\n  %kok = icmp slt i32 %k, %w\n  br i1 %kok, label %body, label %done\n")

selfhost/backend/stdlib/emit_ease.ludic

@@ -65,10 +65,10 @@ function ease_eval(mode: int, t: pointer) -> pointer {
     g_uses_mathrt = true                            # 2^(-10t) * sin((10t - 0.75) * 2pi/3) + 1
     let tt = emit_bind(`mul i32 {t}, 10`)            # 10t
     let ntt = emit_bind(`sub i32 0, {tt}`)           # -10t (exp2 exponent, Q16.16)
-    let decay = emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_fx_exp2(i32 {ntt})`)
+    let decay = emit_bind(`call i32 @lp_fx_exp2(i32 {ntt})`)
     let ph = emit_bind(`sub i32 {tt}, 49152`)        # 10t - 0.75
     let ang = fx_mul_code(ph, "137258")              # * (2pi/3), 2pi/3 = 137258 fixed
-    let s = emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_fx_sin(i32 {ang})`)
+    let s = emit_bind(`call i32 @lp_fx_sin(i32 {ang})`)
     let osc = fx_mul_code(decay, s)
     return emit_bind(`add i32 {osc}, 65536`)
   }
@@ -82,6 +82,6 @@ function emit_ease_ns(meth: pointer, e: Node) -> Val {
   if (meth == "out")    { return val(ease_eval(2, t.code), "fixed") }
   if (meth == "in_out") { return val(ease_eval(3, t.code), "fixed") }
   if (meth == "back")   { return val(ease_eval(4, t.code), "fixed") }
-  if (meth == "elastic"){ return val(ease_eval(5, t.code), "fixed") }
+  if (meth == "elastic") { return val(ease_eval(5, t.code), "fixed") }
   return val(ease_eval(6, t.code), "fixed")         # bounce
 }

selfhost/backend/stdlib/emit_fs.ludic

@@ -54,38 +54,38 @@ function is_mime_ns(meth: pointer) -> bool {
 function emit_fs_ns(meth: pointer, e: Node) -> Val {
   g_uses_fsrt = true
   let a = emit_expr(e.kids[0])
-  if (meth == "exists")      { return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_fs_exists(ptr {a.code})`), "bool") }
-  if (meth == "is_dir")      { return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_fs_is_dir(ptr {a.code})`), "bool") }
-  if (meth == "read_text")   { return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @fn_fs_read_text(ptr {a.code})`), "string") }
-  if (meth == "remove")      { return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_fs_remove(ptr {a.code})`), "bool") }
-  if (meth == "size")        { return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_fs_size(ptr {a.code})`), "int") }
-  if (meth == "mkdir")       { return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_fs_mkdir(ptr {a.code})`), "bool") }
-  if (meth == "list")        { return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @fn_fs_list(ptr {a.code})`), "[]string") }
+  if (meth == "exists")      { return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @lp_fs_exists(ptr {a.code})`), "bool") }
+  if (meth == "is_dir")      { return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @lp_fs_is_dir(ptr {a.code})`), "bool") }
+  if (meth == "read_text")   { return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @lp_fs_read_text(ptr {a.code})`), "string") }
+  if (meth == "remove")      { return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @lp_fs_remove(ptr {a.code})`), "bool") }
+  if (meth == "size")        { return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @lp_fs_size(ptr {a.code})`), "int") }
+  if (meth == "mkdir")       { return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @lp_fs_mkdir(ptr {a.code})`), "bool") }
+  if (meth == "list")        { return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @lp_fs_list(ptr {a.code})`), "[]string") }
   let b = emit_expr(e.kids[1])
-  if (meth == "write_text")  { return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_fs_write_text(ptr {a.code}, ptr {b.code})`), "bool") }
-  if (meth == "append_text") { return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_fs_append_text(ptr {a.code}, ptr {b.code})`), "bool") }
+  if (meth == "write_text")  { return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @lp_fs_write_text(ptr {a.code}, ptr {b.code})`), "bool") }
+  if (meth == "append_text") { return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @lp_fs_append_text(ptr {a.code}, ptr {b.code})`), "bool") }
   # copy
-  return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_fs_copy(ptr {a.code}, ptr {b.code})`), "bool")
+  return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @lp_fs_copy(ptr {a.code}, ptr {b.code})`), "bool")
 }
 
 function emit_path_ns(meth: pointer, e: Node) -> Val {
   g_uses_fsrt = true
   let a = emit_expr(e.kids[0])
-  if (meth == "dir")       { return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @fn_path_dir(ptr {a.code})`), "string") }
-  if (meth == "base")      { return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @fn_path_base(ptr {a.code})`), "string") }
-  if (meth == "ext")       { return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @fn_path_ext(ptr {a.code})`), "string") }
-  if (meth == "stem")      { return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @fn_path_stem(ptr {a.code})`), "string") }
-  if (meth == "normalize") { return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @fn_path_norm(ptr {a.code})`), "string") }
+  if (meth == "dir")       { return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @lp_path_dir(ptr {a.code})`), "string") }
+  if (meth == "base")      { return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @lp_path_base(ptr {a.code})`), "string") }
+  if (meth == "ext")       { return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @lp_path_ext(ptr {a.code})`), "string") }
+  if (meth == "stem")      { return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @lp_path_stem(ptr {a.code})`), "string") }
+  if (meth == "normalize") { return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @lp_path_norm(ptr {a.code})`), "string") }
   # join
   let b = emit_expr(e.kids[1])
-  return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @fn_path_join(ptr {a.code}, ptr {b.code})`), "string")
+  return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @lp_path_join(ptr {a.code}, ptr {b.code})`), "string")
 }
 
 function emit_mime_ns(meth: pointer, e: Node) -> Val {
   g_uses_fsrt = true
   let a = emit_expr(e.kids[0])
-  if (meth == "sniff") { return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @fn_mime_sniff(ptr {a.code})`), "string") }
-  return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @fn_mime_of(ptr {a.code})`), "string")
+  if (meth == "sniff") { return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @lp_mime_sniff(ptr {a.code})`), "string") }
+  return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @lp_mime_of(ptr {a.code})`), "string")
 }
 
 # emit_fs_prelude — the Fs/Path/Mime runtime, emitted once per program that uses
@@ -108,15 +108,15 @@ function emit_fs_prelude() -> void {
 # ---- shared helpers --------------------------------------------------------
 function emit_fs_common() -> void {
   # duplicate %n bytes of %s into a fresh NUL-terminated buffer
-  emith("define ptr @fn_fs_dup(ptr %s, i32 %n) {\n")
+  emith("define ptr @lp_fs_dup(ptr %s, i32 %n) {\n")
   emith("entry:\n  %nz = zext i32 %n to i64\n  %t = add i64 %nz, 1\n  %m = call ptr @malloc(i64 %t)\n  call ptr @memcpy(ptr %m, ptr %s, i64 %nz)\n")
   emith("  %end = getelementptr i8, ptr %m, i32 %n\n  store i8 0, ptr %end\n  ret ptr %m\n}\n")
 
-  emith("define ptr @fn_fs_strdup(ptr %s) {\n")
-  emith("entry:\n  %l = call i64 @strlen(ptr %s)\n  %li = trunc i64 %l to i32\n  %r = call ptr @fn_fs_dup(ptr %s, i32 %li)\n  ret ptr %r\n}\n")
+  emith("define ptr @lp_fs_strdup(ptr %s) {\n")
+  emith("entry:\n  %l = call i64 @strlen(ptr %s)\n  %li = trunc i64 %l to i32\n  %r = call ptr @lp_fs_dup(ptr %s, i32 %li)\n  ret ptr %r\n}\n")
 
   # index of the last '/' in %s, or -1 if none
-  emith("define i32 @fn_fs_lastslash(ptr %s) {\n")
+  emith("define i32 @lp_fs_lastslash(ptr %s) {\n")
   emith("entry:\n  %ip = alloca i32\n  %rp = alloca i32\n  store i32 0, ptr %ip\n  store i32 -1, ptr %rp\n  br label %lp\n")
   emith("lp:\n  %i = load i32, ptr %ip\n  %p = getelementptr i8, ptr %s, i32 %i\n  %b = load i8, ptr %p\n  %c = zext i8 %b to i32\n")
   emith("  %z = icmp eq i32 %c, 0\n  br i1 %z, label %done, label %go\n")
@@ -130,14 +130,14 @@ function emit_fs_common() -> void {
 function emit_fs_path() -> void {
   # join(a, b): b absolute -> b; a empty -> b; b empty -> a; else a + "/" + b
   # (avoiding a doubled separator when a already ends with one).
-  emith("define ptr @fn_path_join(ptr %a, ptr %b) {\n")
+  emith("define ptr @lp_path_join(ptr %a, ptr %b) {\n")
   emith("entry:\n  %la64 = call i64 @strlen(ptr %a)\n  %la = trunc i64 %la64 to i32\n  %lb64 = call i64 @strlen(ptr %b)\n  %lb = trunc i64 %lb64 to i32\n")
   emith("  %b0 = load i8, ptr %b\n  %b0i = zext i8 %b0 to i32\n  %babs = icmp eq i32 %b0i, 47\n  br i1 %babs, label %retb, label %ka\n")
-  emith("retb:\n  %rb = call ptr @fn_fs_strdup(ptr %b)\n  ret ptr %rb\n")
+  emith("retb:\n  %rb = call ptr @lp_fs_strdup(ptr %b)\n  ret ptr %rb\n")
   emith("ka:\n  %aemp = icmp eq i32 %la, 0\n  br i1 %aemp, label %retb2, label %kb\n")
-  emith("retb2:\n  %rb2 = call ptr @fn_fs_strdup(ptr %b)\n  ret ptr %rb2\n")
+  emith("retb2:\n  %rb2 = call ptr @lp_fs_strdup(ptr %b)\n  ret ptr %rb2\n")
   emith("kb:\n  %bemp = icmp eq i32 %lb, 0\n  br i1 %bemp, label %reta, label %chk\n")
-  emith("reta:\n  %ra = call ptr @fn_fs_strdup(ptr %a)\n  ret ptr %ra\n")
+  emith("reta:\n  %ra = call ptr @lp_fs_strdup(ptr %a)\n  ret ptr %ra\n")
   emith("chk:\n  %lam1 = sub i32 %la, 1\n  %pe = getelementptr i8, ptr %a, i32 %lam1\n  %ae = load i8, ptr %pe\n  %aei = zext i8 %ae to i32\n  %ends = icmp eq i32 %aei, 47\n")
   emith("  %sep = select i1 %ends, i32 0, i32 1\n  %tot = add i32 %la, %lb\n  %tot2 = add i32 %tot, %sep\n  %tot3 = add i32 %tot2, 1\n  %totz = zext i32 %tot3 to i64\n  %m = call ptr @malloc(i64 %totz)\n")
   emith("  %laz = zext i32 %la to i64\n  call ptr @memcpy(ptr %m, ptr %a, i64 %laz)\n")
@@ -149,39 +149,39 @@ function emit_fs_path() -> void {
   emith("  %endoff = add i32 %boff, %lb\n  %ep = getelementptr i8, ptr %m, i32 %endoff\n  store i8 0, ptr %ep\n  ret ptr %m\n}\n")
 
   # base(p): the component after the last '/', or p itself
-  emith("define ptr @fn_path_base(ptr %s) {\n")
-  emith("entry:\n  %ls = call i32 @fn_fs_lastslash(ptr %s)\n  %none = icmp eq i32 %ls, -1\n  br i1 %none, label %whole, label %tail\n")
-  emith("whole:\n  %r = call ptr @fn_fs_strdup(ptr %s)\n  ret ptr %r\n")
-  emith("tail:\n  %st = add i32 %ls, 1\n  %p = getelementptr i8, ptr %s, i32 %st\n  %r2 = call ptr @fn_fs_strdup(ptr %p)\n  ret ptr %r2\n}\n")
+  emith("define ptr @lp_path_base(ptr %s) {\n")
+  emith("entry:\n  %ls = call i32 @lp_fs_lastslash(ptr %s)\n  %none = icmp eq i32 %ls, -1\n  br i1 %none, label %whole, label %tail\n")
+  emith("whole:\n  %r = call ptr @lp_fs_strdup(ptr %s)\n  ret ptr %r\n")
+  emith("tail:\n  %st = add i32 %ls, 1\n  %p = getelementptr i8, ptr %s, i32 %st\n  %r2 = call ptr @lp_fs_strdup(ptr %p)\n  ret ptr %r2\n}\n")
 
   # dir(p): everything before the last '/', or "." if none; "/" stays "/"
-  emith("define ptr @fn_path_dir(ptr %s) {\n")
-  emith("entry:\n  %ls = call i32 @fn_fs_lastslash(ptr %s)\n  %none = icmp eq i32 %ls, -1\n  br i1 %none, label %dot, label %chk0\n")
-  emith("dot:\n  %d = call ptr @fn_fs_strdup(ptr @fn_str_dot)\n  ret ptr %d\n")
+  emith("define ptr @lp_path_dir(ptr %s) {\n")
+  emith("entry:\n  %ls = call i32 @lp_fs_lastslash(ptr %s)\n  %none = icmp eq i32 %ls, -1\n  br i1 %none, label %dot, label %chk0\n")
+  emith("dot:\n  %d = call ptr @lp_fs_strdup(ptr @fn_str_dot)\n  ret ptr %d\n")
   emith("chk0:\n  %isroot = icmp eq i32 %ls, 0\n  br i1 %isroot, label %root, label %cut\n")
-  emith("root:\n  %r = call ptr @fn_fs_strdup(ptr @fn_str_slash)\n  ret ptr %r\n")
-  emith("cut:\n  %r2 = call ptr @fn_fs_dup(ptr %s, i32 %ls)\n  ret ptr %r2\n}\n")
+  emith("root:\n  %r = call ptr @lp_fs_strdup(ptr @fn_str_slash)\n  ret ptr %r\n")
+  emith("cut:\n  %r2 = call ptr @lp_fs_dup(ptr %s, i32 %ls)\n  ret ptr %r2\n}\n")
 
   # ext(p): from the last '.' in the base component to the end, incl. the dot;
   # "" when the base has no '.' or begins with '.' (a dotfile has no extension)
-  emith("define ptr @fn_path_ext(ptr %s) {\n")
-  emith("entry:\n  %ls = call i32 @fn_fs_lastslash(ptr %s)\n  %bstart = add i32 %ls, 1\n")   # ls=-1 -> bstart=0
+  emith("define ptr @lp_path_ext(ptr %s) {\n")
+  emith("entry:\n  %ls = call i32 @lp_fs_lastslash(ptr %s)\n  %bstart = add i32 %ls, 1\n")   # ls=-1 -> bstart=0
   emith("  %dp = alloca i32\n  %ip = alloca i32\n  store i32 -1, ptr %dp\n  store i32 %bstart, ptr %ip\n  br label %lp\n")
   emith("lp:\n  %i = load i32, ptr %ip\n  %p = getelementptr i8, ptr %s, i32 %i\n  %b = load i8, ptr %p\n  %c = zext i8 %b to i32\n  %z = icmp eq i32 %c, 0\n  br i1 %z, label %done, label %go\n")
   emith("go:\n  %dot = icmp eq i32 %c, 46\n  br i1 %dot, label %sd, label %nx\n")
   emith("sd:\n  store i32 %i, ptr %dp\n  br label %nx\n")
   emith("nx:\n  %i1 = add i32 %i, 1\n  store i32 %i1, ptr %ip\n  br label %lp\n")
   emith("done:\n  %d = load i32, ptr %dp\n  %nod = icmp eq i32 %d, -1\n  br i1 %nod, label %empty, label %chkpos\n")
-  emith("empty:\n  %e = call ptr @fn_fs_strdup(ptr @fn_str_empty)\n  ret ptr %e\n")
+  emith("empty:\n  %e = call ptr @lp_fs_strdup(ptr @fn_str_empty)\n  ret ptr %e\n")
   emith("chkpos:\n  %atstart = icmp eq i32 %d, %bstart\n  br i1 %atstart, label %empty2, label %take\n")
-  emith("empty2:\n  %e2 = call ptr @fn_fs_strdup(ptr @fn_str_empty)\n  ret ptr %e2\n")
-  emith("take:\n  %pp = getelementptr i8, ptr %s, i32 %d\n  %r = call ptr @fn_fs_strdup(ptr %pp)\n  ret ptr %r\n}\n")
+  emith("empty2:\n  %e2 = call ptr @lp_fs_strdup(ptr @fn_str_empty)\n  ret ptr %e2\n")
+  emith("take:\n  %pp = getelementptr i8, ptr %s, i32 %d\n  %r = call ptr @lp_fs_strdup(ptr %pp)\n  ret ptr %r\n}\n")
 
   # stem(p): the base component without its extension
-  emith("define ptr @fn_path_stem(ptr %s) {\n")
-  emith("entry:\n  %base = call ptr @fn_path_base(ptr %s)\n  %ext = call ptr @fn_path_ext(ptr %s)\n")
+  emith("define ptr @lp_path_stem(ptr %s) {\n")
+  emith("entry:\n  %base = call ptr @lp_path_base(ptr %s)\n  %ext = call ptr @lp_path_ext(ptr %s)\n")
   emith("  %bl64 = call i64 @strlen(ptr %base)\n  %bl = trunc i64 %bl64 to i32\n  %el64 = call i64 @strlen(ptr %ext)\n  %el = trunc i64 %el64 to i32\n")
-  emith("  %keep = sub i32 %bl, %el\n  %r = call ptr @fn_fs_dup(ptr %base, i32 %keep)\n  ret ptr %r\n}\n")
+  emith("  %keep = sub i32 %bl, %el\n  %r = call ptr @lp_fs_dup(ptr %base, i32 %keep)\n  ret ptr %r\n}\n")
 
   emit_fs_normalize()
 }
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ function emit_fs_path() -> void {
 # popping the previous kept segment (never above an absolute root). Preserves a
 # leading '/'. An empty result becomes ".".
 function emit_fs_normalize() -> void {
-  emith("define ptr @fn_path_norm(ptr %s) {\n")
+  emith("define ptr @lp_path_norm(ptr %s) {\n")
   emith("entry:\n  %len64 = call i64 @strlen(ptr %s)\n  %len = trunc i64 %len64 to i32\n  %cap = add i32 %len, 2\n  %capz = zext i32 %cap to i64\n")
   emith("  %out = call ptr @malloc(i64 %capz)\n")
   # segst holds output offsets (i32) of each kept segment's start; size cap ints
@@ -240,17 +240,17 @@ function emit_fs_normalize() -> void {
 
 # ---- Fs.* (libc) -----------------------------------------------------------
 function emit_fs_io() -> void {
-  emith("define i32 @fn_fs_exists(ptr %p) {\n")
+  emith("define i32 @lp_fs_exists(ptr %p) {\n")
   emith("entry:\n  %r = call i32 @access(ptr %p, i32 0)\n  %ok = icmp eq i32 %r, 0\n  %z = zext i1 %ok to i32\n  ret i32 %z\n}\n")
 
   # is_dir: opendir succeeds iff it is a directory
-  emith("define i32 @fn_fs_is_dir(ptr %p) {\n")
+  emith("define i32 @lp_fs_is_dir(ptr %p) {\n")
   emith("entry:\n  %d = call ptr @opendir(ptr %p)\n  %nz = icmp ne ptr %d, null\n  br i1 %nz, label %yes, label %no\n")
   emith("yes:\n  call i32 @closedir(ptr %d)\n  ret i32 1\n")
   emith("no:\n  ret i32 0\n}\n")
 
   # size: bytes via fseek/ftell, or -1 if it cannot be opened
-  emith("define i32 @fn_fs_size(ptr %p) {\n")
+  emith("define i32 @lp_fs_size(ptr %p) {\n")
   emith("entry:\n  %f = call ptr @fopen(ptr %p, ptr @fn_str_rb)\n  %nz = icmp ne ptr %f, null\n  br i1 %nz, label %ok, label %bad\n")
   emith("bad:\n  ret i32 -1\n")
   emith("ok:\n  call i32 @fseek(ptr %f, i64 0, i32 2)\n  %n = call i64 @ftell(ptr %f)\n  call i32 @fclose(ptr %f)\n  %ni = trunc i64 %n to i32\n  ret i32 %ni\n}\n")
@@ -258,54 +258,54 @@ function emit_fs_io() -> void {
   # readall: whole file into a fresh buffer; store byte length to %lenout; null on
   # failure. The buffer is NUL-terminated (one past the length) so text callers
   # can use it directly while binary callers use the length.
-  emith("define ptr @fn_fs_readall(ptr %p, ptr %lenout) {\n")
+  emith("define ptr @lp_fs_readall(ptr %p, ptr %lenout) {\n")
   emith("entry:\n  store i32 0, ptr %lenout\n  %f = call ptr @fopen(ptr %p, ptr @fn_str_rb)\n  %nz = icmp ne ptr %f, null\n  br i1 %nz, label %ok, label %bad\n")
   emith("bad:\n  ret ptr null\n")
   emith("ok:\n  call i32 @fseek(ptr %f, i64 0, i32 2)\n  %n64 = call i64 @ftell(ptr %f)\n  call i32 @fseek(ptr %f, i64 0, i32 0)\n  %n = trunc i64 %n64 to i32\n")
   emith("  %cap = add i64 %n64, 1\n  %m = call ptr @malloc(i64 %cap)\n  %rd = call i64 @fread(ptr %m, i64 1, i64 %n64, ptr %f)\n  call i32 @fclose(ptr %f)\n")
   emith("  %rdi = trunc i64 %rd to i32\n  %endp = getelementptr i8, ptr %m, i32 %rdi\n  store i8 0, ptr %endp\n  store i32 %rdi, ptr %lenout\n  ret ptr %m\n}\n")
 
-  emith("define ptr @fn_fs_read_text(ptr %p) {\n")
-  emith("entry:\n  %lp = alloca i32\n  %r = call ptr @fn_fs_readall(ptr %p, ptr %lp)\n  ret ptr %r\n}\n")
+  emith("define ptr @lp_fs_read_text(ptr %p) {\n")
+  emith("entry:\n  %lp = alloca i32\n  %r = call ptr @lp_fs_readall(ptr %p, ptr %lp)\n  ret ptr %r\n}\n")
 
   # write_text: write to "<p>.tmp" then rename over %p, so a crash mid-write
   # never truncates the previous file. Returns 1 on success.
-  emith("define i32 @fn_fs_write_text(ptr %p, ptr %s) {\n")
-  emith("entry:\n  %tmp = call ptr @fn_path_join_ext(ptr %p, ptr @fn_str_dottmp)\n  %f = call ptr @fopen(ptr %tmp, ptr @fn_str_wb)\n  %nz = icmp ne ptr %f, null\n  br i1 %nz, label %ok, label %bad\n")
+  emith("define i32 @lp_fs_write_text(ptr %p, ptr %s) {\n")
+  emith("entry:\n  %tmp = call ptr @lp_path_join_ext(ptr %p, ptr @fn_str_dottmp)\n  %f = call ptr @fopen(ptr %tmp, ptr @fn_str_wb)\n  %nz = icmp ne ptr %f, null\n  br i1 %nz, label %ok, label %bad\n")
   emith("bad:\n  ret i32 0\n")
   emith("ok:\n  %n = call i64 @strlen(ptr %s)\n  %w = call i64 @fwrite(ptr %s, i64 1, i64 %n, ptr %f)\n  call i32 @fclose(ptr %f)\n")
   emith("  %rr = call i32 @rename(ptr %tmp, ptr %p)\n  %ok2 = icmp eq i32 %rr, 0\n  %z = zext i1 %ok2 to i32\n  ret i32 %z\n}\n")
 
   # concat two strings (used to build "<p>.tmp"); local so write_text needs no
   # dependency on the Os prelude
-  emith("define ptr @fn_path_join_ext(ptr %a, ptr %b) {\n")
+  emith("define ptr @lp_path_join_ext(ptr %a, ptr %b) {\n")
   emith("entry:\n  %la = call i64 @strlen(ptr %a)\n  %lb = call i64 @strlen(ptr %b)\n  %sum = add i64 %la, %lb\n  %tot = add i64 %sum, 1\n  %m = call ptr @malloc(i64 %tot)\n")
   emith("  call ptr @memcpy(ptr %m, ptr %a, i64 %la)\n  %m2 = getelementptr i8, ptr %m, i64 %la\n  call ptr @memcpy(ptr %m2, ptr %b, i64 %lb)\n  %ep = getelementptr i8, ptr %m, i64 %sum\n  store i8 0, ptr %ep\n  ret ptr %m\n}\n")
 
-  emith("define i32 @fn_fs_append_text(ptr %p, ptr %s) {\n")
+  emith("define i32 @lp_fs_append_text(ptr %p, ptr %s) {\n")
   emith("entry:\n  %f = call ptr @fopen(ptr %p, ptr @fn_str_ab)\n  %nz = icmp ne ptr %f, null\n  br i1 %nz, label %ok, label %bad\n")
   emith("bad:\n  ret i32 0\n")
   emith("ok:\n  %n = call i64 @strlen(ptr %s)\n  call i64 @fwrite(ptr %s, i64 1, i64 %n, ptr %f)\n  call i32 @fclose(ptr %f)\n  ret i32 1\n}\n")
 
-  emith("define i32 @fn_fs_remove(ptr %p) {\n")
+  emith("define i32 @lp_fs_remove(ptr %p) {\n")
   emith("entry:\n  %r = call i32 @remove(ptr %p)\n  %ok = icmp eq i32 %r, 0\n  %z = zext i1 %ok to i32\n  ret i32 %z\n}\n")
 
   # copy: byte-for-byte via readall + a sized write. Returns 1 on success.
-  emith("define i32 @fn_fs_copy(ptr %src, ptr %dst) {\n")
-  emith("entry:\n  %lp = alloca i32\n  %buf = call ptr @fn_fs_readall(ptr %src, ptr %lp)\n  %nz = icmp ne ptr %buf, null\n  br i1 %nz, label %ok, label %bad\n")
+  emith("define i32 @lp_fs_copy(ptr %src, ptr %dst) {\n")
+  emith("entry:\n  %lp = alloca i32\n  %buf = call ptr @lp_fs_readall(ptr %src, ptr %lp)\n  %nz = icmp ne ptr %buf, null\n  br i1 %nz, label %ok, label %bad\n")
   emith("bad:\n  ret i32 0\n")
-  emith("ok:\n  %tmp = call ptr @fn_path_join_ext(ptr %dst, ptr @fn_str_dottmp)\n  %f = call ptr @fopen(ptr %tmp, ptr @fn_str_wb)\n  %fnz = icmp ne ptr %f, null\n  br i1 %fnz, label %w, label %bad\n")
+  emith("ok:\n  %tmp = call ptr @lp_path_join_ext(ptr %dst, ptr @fn_str_dottmp)\n  %f = call ptr @fopen(ptr %tmp, ptr @fn_str_wb)\n  %fnz = icmp ne ptr %f, null\n  br i1 %fnz, label %w, label %bad\n")
   emith("w:\n  %n = load i32, ptr %lp\n  %nz64 = zext i32 %n to i64\n  call i64 @fwrite(ptr %buf, i64 1, i64 %nz64, ptr %f)\n  call i32 @fclose(ptr %f)\n  %rr = call i32 @rename(ptr %tmp, ptr %dst)\n  %ok2 = icmp eq i32 %rr, 0\n  %z = zext i1 %ok2 to i32\n  ret i32 %z\n}\n")
 
   # mkdir: create %p and any missing parents (mkdir -p). Returns 1 if the
   # directory exists afterwards. Intermediate EEXIST errors are ignored.
-  emith("define i32 @fn_fs_mkdir(ptr %p) {\n")
-  emith("entry:\n  %dup = call ptr @fn_fs_strdup(ptr %p)\n  %ip = alloca i32\n  store i32 1, ptr %ip\n  br label %lp\n")
+  emith("define i32 @lp_fs_mkdir(ptr %p) {\n")
+  emith("entry:\n  %dup = call ptr @lp_fs_strdup(ptr %p)\n  %ip = alloca i32\n  store i32 1, ptr %ip\n  br label %lp\n")
   emith("lp:\n  %i = load i32, ptr %ip\n  %pp = getelementptr i8, ptr %dup, i32 %i\n  %c = load i8, ptr %pp\n  %ci = zext i8 %c to i32\n  %z = icmp eq i32 %ci, 0\n  br i1 %z, label %fin, label %go\n")
   emith("go:\n  %sl = icmp eq i32 %ci, 47\n  br i1 %sl, label %cut, label %nx\n")
   emith("cut:\n  store i8 0, ptr %pp\n  call i32 @mkdir(ptr %dup, i32 493)\n  store i8 47, ptr %pp\n  br label %nx\n")
   emith("nx:\n  %i1 = add i32 %i, 1\n  store i32 %i1, ptr %ip\n  br label %lp\n")
-  emith("fin:\n  call i32 @mkdir(ptr %dup, i32 493)\n  %r = call i32 @fn_fs_is_dir(ptr %p)\n  ret i32 %r\n}\n")
+  emith("fin:\n  call i32 @mkdir(ptr %dup, i32 493)\n  %r = call i32 @lp_fs_is_dir(ptr %p)\n  ret i32 %r\n}\n")
 }
 
 # ---- Fs.list (+ sort) ------------------------------------------------------
@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@ function emit_fs_dir() -> void {
   # by byte value for a stable, reproducible order. Each name is copied out of
   # the readdir buffer before the next call. macOS/BSD dirent: d_name at offset
   # 21 (documented native layout).
-  emith("define ptr @fn_fs_list(ptr %path) {\n")
+  emith("define ptr @lp_fs_list(ptr %path) {\n")
   emith("entry:\n  %h = call ptr @malloc(i64 16)\n  %d0 = getelementptr inbounds %LSlice, ptr %h, i32 0, i32 0\n  %d1 = getelementptr inbounds %LSlice, ptr %h, i32 0, i32 1\n  %d2 = getelementptr inbounds %LSlice, ptr %h, i32 0, i32 2\n")
   emith("  %datap = alloca ptr\n  %cntp = alloca i32\n  %capp = alloca i32\n  %init = call ptr @malloc(i64 128)\n  store ptr %init, ptr %datap\n  store i32 0, ptr %cntp\n  store i32 16, ptr %capp\n")
   emith("  %dir = call ptr @opendir(ptr %path)\n  %dnz = icmp ne ptr %dir, null\n  br i1 %dnz, label %rd, label %empty\n")
@@ -325,7 +325,7 @@ function emit_fs_dir() -> void {
   emith("chkdots:\n  %n1p = getelementptr i8, ptr %namep, i32 1\n  %n1 = load i8, ptr %n1p\n  %n1i = zext i8 %n1 to i32\n  %n1z = icmp eq i32 %n1i, 0\n  br i1 %n1z, label %rd, label %chkdd\n")   # "." -> skip
   emith("chkdd:\n  %isdot1 = icmp eq i32 %n1i, 46\n  br i1 %isdot1, label %chkdd2, label %keep\n")
   emith("chkdd2:\n  %n2p = getelementptr i8, ptr %namep, i32 2\n  %n2 = load i8, ptr %n2p\n  %n2i = zext i8 %n2 to i32\n  %n2z = icmp eq i32 %n2i, 0\n  br i1 %n2z, label %rd, label %keep\n")   # ".." -> skip
-  emith("keep:\n  %nm = call ptr @fn_fs_strdup(ptr %namep)\n")
+  emith("keep:\n  %nm = call ptr @lp_fs_strdup(ptr %namep)\n")
   # grow if full
   emith("  %cnt = load i32, ptr %cntp\n  %cap = load i32, ptr %capp\n  %full = icmp sge i32 %cnt, %cap\n  br i1 %full, label %grow, label %put\n")
   emith("grow:\n  %nc = mul i32 %cap, 2\n  store i32 %nc, ptr %capp\n  %ncz = zext i32 %nc to i64\n  %nb = mul i64 %ncz, 8\n  %old = load ptr, ptr %datap\n  %new = call ptr @realloc(ptr %old, i64 %nb)\n  store ptr %new, ptr %datap\n  br label %put\n")
@@ -376,7 +376,7 @@ function emit_fs_mime() -> void {
   # create the string constants FIRST (as module globals), then reference them
   let en = new []pointer;  let tn = new []pointer
   var i = 0
-  while i < len(exts) { push(en, emit_str_const(exts[i]));  push(tn, emit_str_const(tys[i]));  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(exts) { push(en, emit_str_const(exts[i]));  push(tn, emit_str_const(tys[i]));  i += 1 }
   let k_octet = emit_str_const("application/octet-stream")
   let n = len(exts)
 
@@ -386,21 +386,21 @@ function emit_fs_mime() -> void {
   while i < len(exts) {
     if i > 0 { emith(", ") }
     emith(`{{ ptr, ptr }} {{ ptr {en[i]}, ptr {tn[i]} }}`)
-    i = i + 1
+    i += 1
   }
   emith("]\n")
 
   # of(path): lowercased extension, then a linear scan of the table
-  emith("define ptr @fn_mime_of(ptr %path) {\n")
-  emith("entry:\n  %ext = call ptr @fn_path_ext(ptr %path)\n  %lc = call ptr @fn_mime_lc(ptr %ext)\n  %ip = alloca i32\n  store i32 0, ptr %ip\n  br label %lp\n")
+  emith("define ptr @lp_mime_of(ptr %path) {\n")
+  emith("entry:\n  %ext = call ptr @lp_path_ext(ptr %path)\n  %lc = call ptr @lp_mime_lc(ptr %ext)\n  %ip = alloca i32\n  store i32 0, ptr %ip\n  br label %lp\n")
   emith(`lp:\n  %i = load i32, ptr %ip\n  %lt = icmp slt i32 %i, {itoa(n)}\n  br i1 %lt, label %body, label %def\n`)
   emith(`body:\n  %kp = getelementptr [{itoa(n)} x {{ ptr, ptr }}], ptr @mime_tbl, i32 0, i32 %i, i32 0\n  %k = load ptr, ptr %kp\n  %c = call i32 @strcmp(ptr %lc, ptr %k)\n  %eq = icmp eq i32 %c, 0\n  br i1 %eq, label %hit, label %nx\n`)
-  emith(`hit:\n  %vp = getelementptr [{itoa(n)} x {{ ptr, ptr }}], ptr @mime_tbl, i32 0, i32 %i, i32 1\n  %v = load ptr, ptr %vp\n  %r = call ptr @fn_fs_strdup(ptr %v)\n  ret ptr %r\n`)
+  emith(`hit:\n  %vp = getelementptr [{itoa(n)} x {{ ptr, ptr }}], ptr @mime_tbl, i32 0, i32 %i, i32 1\n  %v = load ptr, ptr %vp\n  %r = call ptr @lp_fs_strdup(ptr %v)\n  ret ptr %r\n`)
   emith("nx:\n  %i1 = add i32 %i, 1\n  store i32 %i1, ptr %ip\n  br label %lp\n")
-  emith(`def:\n  %d = call ptr @fn_fs_strdup(ptr {k_octet})\n  ret ptr %d\n}}\n`)
+  emith(`def:\n  %d = call ptr @lp_fs_strdup(ptr {k_octet})\n  ret ptr %d\n}}\n`)
 
   # lowercase an extension, dropping a leading '.' (ASCII only, for table lookup)
-  emith("define ptr @fn_mime_lc(ptr %s) {\n")
+  emith("define ptr @lp_mime_lc(ptr %s) {\n")
   emith("entry:\n  %l64 = call i64 @strlen(ptr %s)\n  %l = trunc i64 %l64 to i32\n  %cap = add i64 %l64, 1\n  %out = call ptr @malloc(i64 %cap)\n")
   emith("  %b0 = load i8, ptr %s\n  %b0i = zext i8 %b0 to i32\n  %isdot = icmp eq i32 %b0i, 46\n  %start = select i1 %isdot, i32 1, i32 0\n")
   emith("  %ip = alloca i32\n  %op = alloca i32\n  store i32 %start, ptr %ip\n  store i32 0, ptr %op\n  br label %lp\n")
@@ -414,23 +414,23 @@ function emit_fs_mime() -> void {
 # sniff(path): read the first bytes and recognise a few well-known signatures,
 # otherwise fall back to the extension. Covers PNG/JPEG/GIF/PDF for now.
 function emit_fs_sniff() -> void {
-  emith("define ptr @fn_mime_sniff(ptr %path) {\n")
+  emith("define ptr @lp_mime_sniff(ptr %path) {\n")
   emith("entry:\n  %f = call ptr @fopen(ptr %path, ptr @fn_str_rb)\n  %nz = icmp ne ptr %f, null\n  br i1 %nz, label %ok, label %fallback\n")
   emith("ok:\n  %buf = call ptr @malloc(i64 16)\n  %rd = call i64 @fread(ptr %buf, i64 1, i64 8, ptr %f)\n  call i32 @fclose(ptr %f)\n  %rdi = trunc i64 %rd to i32\n  %has4 = icmp sge i32 %rdi, 4\n  br i1 %has4, label %chk, label %fallback\n")
   emith("chk:\n  %b0p = getelementptr i8, ptr %buf, i32 0\n  %b0 = load i8, ptr %b0p\n  %b0i = zext i8 %b0 to i32\n  %b1p = getelementptr i8, ptr %buf, i32 1\n  %b1 = load i8, ptr %b1p\n  %b1i = zext i8 %b1 to i32\n  %b2p = getelementptr i8, ptr %buf, i32 2\n  %b2 = load i8, ptr %b2p\n  %b2i = zext i8 %b2 to i32\n  %b3p = getelementptr i8, ptr %buf, i32 3\n  %b3 = load i8, ptr %b3p\n  %b3i = zext i8 %b3 to i32\n")
   # PNG: 89 50 4E 47
   emith("  %p0 = icmp eq i32 %b0i, 137\n  %p1 = icmp eq i32 %b1i, 80\n  %p2 = icmp eq i32 %b2i, 78\n  %p3 = icmp eq i32 %b3i, 71\n  %pa = and i1 %p0, %p1\n  %pb = and i1 %pa, %p2\n  %pc = and i1 %pb, %p3\n  br i1 %pc, label %png, label %cj\n")
-  emith("png:\n  %rpng = call ptr @fn_fs_strdup(ptr @fn_sig_png)\n  ret ptr %rpng\n")
+  emith("png:\n  %rpng = call ptr @lp_fs_strdup(ptr @fn_sig_png)\n  ret ptr %rpng\n")
   # JPEG: FF D8 FF
   emith("cj:\n  %j0 = icmp eq i32 %b0i, 255\n  %j1 = icmp eq i32 %b1i, 216\n  %j2 = icmp eq i32 %b2i, 255\n  %ja = and i1 %j0, %j1\n  %jb = and i1 %ja, %j2\n  br i1 %jb, label %jpg, label %cg\n")
-  emith("jpg:\n  %rjpg = call ptr @fn_fs_strdup(ptr @fn_sig_jpg)\n  ret ptr %rjpg\n")
+  emith("jpg:\n  %rjpg = call ptr @lp_fs_strdup(ptr @fn_sig_jpg)\n  ret ptr %rjpg\n")
   # GIF: 47 49 46
   emith("cg:\n  %g0 = icmp eq i32 %b0i, 71\n  %g1 = icmp eq i32 %b1i, 73\n  %g2 = icmp eq i32 %b2i, 70\n  %ga = and i1 %g0, %g1\n  %gb = and i1 %ga, %g2\n  br i1 %gb, label %gif, label %cp\n")
-  emith("gif:\n  %rgif = call ptr @fn_fs_strdup(ptr @fn_sig_gif)\n  ret ptr %rgif\n")
+  emith("gif:\n  %rgif = call ptr @lp_fs_strdup(ptr @fn_sig_gif)\n  ret ptr %rgif\n")
   # PDF: 25 50 44 46
   emith("cp:\n  %q0 = icmp eq i32 %b0i, 37\n  %q1 = icmp eq i32 %b1i, 80\n  %q2 = icmp eq i32 %b2i, 68\n  %q3 = icmp eq i32 %b3i, 70\n  %qa = and i1 %q0, %q1\n  %qb = and i1 %qa, %q2\n  %qc = and i1 %qb, %q3\n  br i1 %qc, label %pdf, label %fallback\n")
-  emith("pdf:\n  %rpdf = call ptr @fn_fs_strdup(ptr @fn_sig_pdf)\n  ret ptr %rpdf\n")
-  emith("fallback:\n  %r = call ptr @fn_mime_of(ptr %path)\n  ret ptr %r\n}\n")
+  emith("pdf:\n  %rpdf = call ptr @lp_fs_strdup(ptr @fn_sig_pdf)\n  ret ptr %rpdf\n")
+  emith("fallback:\n  %r = call ptr @lp_mime_of(ptr %path)\n  ret ptr %r\n}\n")
 
   # the small string constants the Fs/Path/Mime runtime references
   emith("@fn_str_rb = private unnamed_addr constant [3 x i8] c\"rb\\00\"\n")

selfhost/backend/stdlib/emit_hash.ludic

@@ -50,12 +50,12 @@ function emit_hash_ns(meth: pointer, e: Node) -> Val {
   if (meth == "of") or (meth == "fnv1a") {          # FNV-1a 32-bit over the bytes
     g_uses_hashrt = true
     let s = emit_expr(e.kids[0])
-    return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_hash_fnv1a(ptr {s.code})`), "int")
+    return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @lp_hash_fnv1a(ptr {s.code})`), "int")
   }
   if (meth == "of64") or (meth == "fnv1a_64") {     # FNV-1a 64-bit -> a `long`
     g_uses_hashrt = true
     let s = emit_expr(e.kids[0])
-    return val(emit_bind(`call i64 @fn_hash_fnv1a_64(ptr {s.code})`), "long")
+    return val(emit_bind(`call i64 @lp_hash_fnv1a_64(ptr {s.code})`), "long")
   }
   if (meth == "mix64") {                            # fmix64 avalanche of one long
     let x = emit_expr(e.kids[0])
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ function emit_hash_ns(meth: pointer, e: Node) -> Val {
   if (meth == "crc32") {                            # CRC-32 (IEEE) checksum
     g_uses_hashrt = true
     let s = emit_expr(e.kids[0])
-    return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_hash_crc32(ptr {s.code})`), "int")
+    return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @lp_hash_crc32(ptr {s.code})`), "int")
   }
   if (meth == "mix") {                              # fmix32 avalanche of one int
     let x = emit_expr(e.kids[0])
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ function emit_hash_ns(meth: pointer, e: Node) -> Val {
     let t1 = emit_bind(`add i32 {g}, {sl}`)
     let t2 = emit_bind(`add i32 {t1}, {sr}`)
     seed = emit_bind(`xor i32 {seed}, {t2}`)
-    i = i + 1
+    i += 1
   }
   return val(seed, "int")
 }
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ function emit_hash_ns(meth: pointer, e: Node) -> Val {
 # prime, and a bitwise CRC-32 with the reflected poly 0xEDB88320. No libc, no
 # allocation, bit-identical on every target.
 function emit_hash_prelude() -> void {
-  emith("define i32 @fn_hash_fnv1a(ptr %s) {\n")
+  emith("define i32 @lp_hash_fnv1a(ptr %s) {\n")
   emith("entry:\n")
   emith("  %hp = alloca i32\n")
   emith("  store i32 -2128831035, ptr %hp\n")       # 0x811c9dc5 offset basis
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ function emit_hash_prelude() -> void {
   emith("  %hr = load i32, ptr %hp\n")
   emith("  ret i32 %hr\n")
   emith("}\n")
-  emith("define i64 @fn_hash_fnv1a_64(ptr %s) {\n")  # 64-bit FNV-1a, same shape, i64
+  emith("define i64 @lp_hash_fnv1a_64(ptr %s) {\n")  # 64-bit FNV-1a, same shape, i64
   emith("entry:\n")
   emith("  %hp = alloca i64\n")
   emith("  store i64 -3750763034362895579, ptr %hp\n")   # 0xcbf29ce484222325 offset basis
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ function emit_hash_prelude() -> void {
   emith("  %hr = load i64, ptr %hp\n")
   emith("  ret i64 %hr\n")
   emith("}\n")
-  emith("define i32 @fn_hash_crc32(ptr %s) {\n")
+  emith("define i32 @lp_hash_crc32(ptr %s) {\n")
   emith("entry:\n")
   emith("  %cp = alloca i32\n")
   emith("  store i32 -1, ptr %cp\n")                # init 0xFFFFFFFF

selfhost/backend/stdlib/emit_key.ludic

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ function key_lookup(name: pointer) -> int {
   # a single capital letter names that letter key: Key.A .. Key.Z
   if (name[1] == 0) {
     let c = name[0]
-    if (c >= 65) and (c <= 90) { return c + 32 }
+    if (c >= 'A') and (c <= 'Z') { return c + 32 }
   }
-  return 0 - 1
+  return -1
 }

selfhost/backend/stdlib/emit_log.ludic

@@ -33,9 +33,9 @@ function is_log_ns(meth: pointer) -> bool {
 # and an int are converted the same way the `string(...)` builtin does.
 function log_stringify(v: Val) -> pointer {
   if (llty(v.ty) == "ptr") { return v.code }
-  if (llty(v.ty) == "i64") { g_uses_longstr = true;  return emit_bind(`call ptr @fn_long_str(i64 {v.code})`) }
+  if (llty(v.ty) == "i64") { g_uses_longstr = true;  return emit_bind(`call ptr @lp_long_str(i64 {v.code})`) }
   g_uses_intstr = true
-  return emit_bind(`call ptr @fn_int_str(i32 {v.code})`)
+  return emit_bind(`call ptr @lp_int_str(i32 {v.code})`)
 }
 
 function emit_log_ns(meth: pointer, e: Node) -> Val {
@@ -67,19 +67,19 @@ function emit_log_ns(meth: pointer, e: Node) -> Val {
     line = emit_str_op("+", line, val(log_stringify(k), "string"))
     line = emit_str_op("+", line, val(emit_str_const("="), "string"))
     line = emit_str_op("+", line, val(log_stringify(v), "string"))
-    i = i + 2
+    i += 2
   }
-  emit(`  call void @fn_log_emit(i32 {lvl}, ptr {line.code})\n`)
+  emit(`  call void @lp_log_emit(i32 {lvl}, ptr {line.code})\n`)
   return val("0", "void")
 }
 
 # emit_log_prelude — the log level register and the console sink, emitted once per
-# program that uses Log.* (g_uses_logrt). @fn_log_emit checks the threshold and,
+# program that uses Log.* (g_uses_logrt). @lp_log_emit checks the threshold and,
 # if the message is at or above it, writes the line + newline to stderr.
 function emit_log_prelude() -> void {
   emith("@L_log_level = global i32 0\n")
   emith("@.log_nl = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c\"\\0A\\00\"\n")
-  emith("define void @fn_log_emit(i32 %lvl, ptr %s) {\n")
+  emith("define void @lp_log_emit(i32 %lvl, ptr %s) {\n")
   emith("entry:\n  %th = load i32, ptr @L_log_level\n  %skip = icmp slt i32 %lvl, %th\n  br i1 %skip, label %done, label %go\n")
   emith("go:\n  %e = load ptr, ptr @__stderrp\n  %n = call i64 @strlen(ptr %s)\n")
   emith("  %w = call i64 @fwrite(ptr %s, i64 1, i64 %n, ptr %e)\n  %w2 = call i64 @fwrite(ptr @.log_nl, i64 1, i64 1, ptr %e)\n  br label %done\n")

selfhost/backend/stdlib/emit_math.ludic

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 # emit_math.ludic — the Math.* namespace, all deterministic Q16.16 fixed-point.
 # min/max/abs/clamp lower to inline IR (and stay bare too); sign/floor/ceil/
 # round/lerp/inverse_lerp/remap and the geometry/interp helpers are inline; and
-# sqrt/sin/cos/tan call the runtime prelude below (@fn_fx_sqrt is a bit-by-bit
-# integer root, @fn_fx_sin a 256-entry interpolated sine table). Everything is
+# sqrt/sin/cos/tan call the runtime prelude below (@lp_fx_sqrt is a bit-by-bit
+# integer root, @lp_fx_sin a 256-entry interpolated sine table). Everything is
 # plain integer IR, so it is bit-identical on every platform.
 
 function is_math_builtin(name: pointer) -> bool {
@@ -115,54 +115,54 @@ function emit_math_ns(meth: pointer, e: Node) -> Val {
   if (meth == "sqrt") {                             # sqrt(fixed) -> fixed (deterministic isqrt)
     g_uses_mathrt = true
     let a = emit_expr(e.kids[0])
-    return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_fx_sqrt(i32 {a.code})`), "fixed")
+    return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @lp_fx_sqrt(i32 {a.code})`), "fixed")
   }
   if (meth == "sin") {                              # sin(radians: fixed) -> fixed
     g_uses_mathrt = true
     let a = emit_expr(e.kids[0])
-    return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_fx_sin(i32 {a.code})`), "fixed")
+    return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @lp_fx_sin(i32 {a.code})`), "fixed")
   }
   if (meth == "cos") {                              # cos(x) = sin(x + pi/2), pi/2 = 102944 fixed
     g_uses_mathrt = true
     let a = emit_expr(e.kids[0])
     let sh = emit_bind(`add i32 {a.code}, 102944`)
-    return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_fx_sin(i32 {sh})`), "fixed")
+    return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @lp_fx_sin(i32 {sh})`), "fixed")
   }
   if (meth == "tan") {                              # tan(x) = sin(x) / cos(x)
     g_uses_mathrt = true
     let a = emit_expr(e.kids[0])
-    let s = emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_fx_sin(i32 {a.code})`)
+    let s = emit_bind(`call i32 @lp_fx_sin(i32 {a.code})`)
     let sh = emit_bind(`add i32 {a.code}, 102944`)
-    let c = emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_fx_sin(i32 {sh})`)
+    let c = emit_bind(`call i32 @lp_fx_sin(i32 {sh})`)
     return val(fx_div_code(s, c), "fixed")
   }
   if (meth == "atan2") {                            # atan2(y, x) -> angle in radians
     g_uses_mathrt = true
     let y = emit_expr(e.kids[0]);  let x = emit_expr(e.kids[1])
-    return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_fx_atan2(i32 {y.code}, i32 {x.code})`), "fixed")
+    return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @lp_fx_atan2(i32 {y.code}, i32 {x.code})`), "fixed")
   }
   if (meth == "asin") {                             # asin(x) = atan2(x, sqrt(1 - x^2))
     g_uses_mathrt = true
     let x = emit_expr(e.kids[0])
     let xx = fx_mul_code(x.code, x.code)
     let om = emit_bind(`sub i32 65536, {xx}`)
-    let root = emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_fx_sqrt(i32 {om})`)
-    return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_fx_atan2(i32 {x.code}, i32 {root})`), "fixed")
+    let root = emit_bind(`call i32 @lp_fx_sqrt(i32 {om})`)
+    return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @lp_fx_atan2(i32 {x.code}, i32 {root})`), "fixed")
   }
   if (meth == "acos") {                             # acos(x) = atan2(sqrt(1 - x^2), x)
     g_uses_mathrt = true
     let x = emit_expr(e.kids[0])
     let xx = fx_mul_code(x.code, x.code)
     let om = emit_bind(`sub i32 65536, {xx}`)
-    let root = emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_fx_sqrt(i32 {om})`)
-    return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_fx_atan2(i32 {root}, i32 {x.code})`), "fixed")
+    let root = emit_bind(`call i32 @lp_fx_sqrt(i32 {om})`)
+    return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @lp_fx_atan2(i32 {root}, i32 {x.code})`), "fixed")
   }
   if (meth == "hypot") {                            # hypot(x, y) = sqrt(x*x + y*y)
     g_uses_mathrt = true
     let x = emit_expr(e.kids[0]);  let y = emit_expr(e.kids[1])
     let xx = fx_mul_code(x.code, x.code);  let yy = fx_mul_code(y.code, y.code)
     let s = emit_bind(`add i32 {xx}, {yy}`)
-    return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_fx_sqrt(i32 {s})`), "fixed")
+    return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @lp_fx_sqrt(i32 {s})`), "fixed")
   }
   if (meth == "dist2") {                            # dist2(x0,y0,x1,y1) = dx*dx + dy*dy
     let x0 = emit_expr(e.kids[0]);  let y0 = emit_expr(e.kids[1])
@@ -180,26 +180,26 @@ function emit_math_ns(meth: pointer, e: Node) -> Val {
     let dy = emit_bind(`sub i32 {y1.code}, {y0.code}`)
     let xx = fx_mul_code(dx, dx);  let yy = fx_mul_code(dy, dy)
     let s = emit_bind(`add i32 {xx}, {yy}`)
-    return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_fx_sqrt(i32 {s})`), "fixed")
+    return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @lp_fx_sqrt(i32 {s})`), "fixed")
   }
   if (meth == "exp") {                              # e^x = 2^(x * log2 e), log2 e = 94548 fixed
     g_uses_mathrt = true
     let a = emit_expr(e.kids[0])
     let t = fx_mul_code(a.code, "94548")
-    return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_fx_exp2(i32 {t})`), "fixed")
+    return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @lp_fx_exp2(i32 {t})`), "fixed")
   }
   if (meth == "log") {                              # natural log: ln(x) = log2(x) * ln 2, ln 2 = 45426 fixed
     g_uses_mathrt = true
     let a = emit_expr(e.kids[0])
-    let l2 = emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_fx_log2(i32 {a.code})`)
+    let l2 = emit_bind(`call i32 @lp_fx_log2(i32 {a.code})`)
     return val(fx_mul_code(l2, "45426"), "fixed")
   }
   if (meth == "pow") {                              # a^b = 2^(b * log2 a); needs a > 0
     g_uses_mathrt = true
     let a = emit_expr(e.kids[0]);  let b = emit_expr(e.kids[1])
-    let l2 = emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_fx_log2(i32 {a.code})`)
+    let l2 = emit_bind(`call i32 @lp_fx_log2(i32 {a.code})`)
     let t = fx_mul_code(b.code, l2)
-    return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_fx_exp2(i32 {t})`), "fixed")
+    return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @lp_fx_exp2(i32 {t})`), "fixed")
   }
   if (meth == "deg_to_rad") {                       # d * (pi/180), pi/180 = 1144 fixed
     let d = emit_expr(e.kids[0])
@@ -279,14 +279,14 @@ function emit_math_ns(meth: pointer, e: Node) -> Val {
 }
 
 # emit_math_prelude — the deterministic fixed-point math runtime, emitted once
-# per program that uses Math.sqrt/sin/cos/tan/exp/log/pow. @fn_fx_sqrt is a
-# 64-bit integer square root (bit-by-bit); @fn_fx_sin reads a 256-entry Q16.16
-# sine table with linear interpolation; @fn_fx_exp2/@fn_fx_log2 are range-reduced
+# per program that uses Math.sqrt/sin/cos/tan/exp/log/pow. @lp_fx_sqrt is a
+# 64-bit integer square root (bit-by-bit); @lp_fx_sin reads a 256-entry Q16.16
+# sine table with linear interpolation; @lp_fx_exp2/@lp_fx_log2 are range-reduced
 # Q16.16 polynomials (base-2 exp and log) that back exp/log/pow. All are pure
 # integer IR, so bit-identical on every platform.
 function emit_math_prelude() -> void {
   emith("@L_sin_tab = private unnamed_addr constant [256 x i32] [i32 0, i32 1608, i32 3216, i32 4821, i32 6424, i32 8022, i32 9616, i32 11204, i32 12785, i32 14359, i32 15924, i32 17479, i32 19024, i32 20557, i32 22078, i32 23586, i32 25080, i32 26558, i32 28020, i32 29466, i32 30893, i32 32303, i32 33692, i32 35062, i32 36410, i32 37736, i32 39040, i32 40320, i32 41576, i32 42806, i32 44011, i32 45190, i32 46341, i32 47464, i32 48559, i32 49624, i32 50660, i32 51665, i32 52639, i32 53581, i32 54491, i32 55368, i32 56212, i32 57022, i32 57798, i32 58538, i32 59244, i32 59914, i32 60547, i32 61145, i32 61705, i32 62228, i32 62714, i32 63162, i32 63572, i32 63944, i32 64277, i32 64571, i32 64827, i32 65043, i32 65220, i32 65358, i32 65457, i32 65516, i32 65536, i32 65516, i32 65457, i32 65358, i32 65220, i32 65043, i32 64827, i32 64571, i32 64277, i32 63944, i32 63572, i32 63162, i32 62714, i32 62228, i32 61705, i32 61145, i32 60547, i32 59914, i32 59244, i32 58538, i32 57798, i32 57022, i32 56212, i32 55368, i32 54491, i32 53581, i32 52639, i32 51665, i32 50660, i32 49624, i32 48559, i32 47464, i32 46341, i32 45190, i32 44011, i32 42806, i32 41576, i32 40320, i32 39040, i32 37736, i32 36410, i32 35062, i32 33692, i32 32303, i32 30893, i32 29466, i32 28020, i32 26558, i32 25080, i32 23586, i32 22078, i32 20557, i32 19024, i32 17479, i32 15924, i32 14359, i32 12785, i32 11204, i32 9616, i32 8022, i32 6424, i32 4821, i32 3216, i32 1608, i32 0, i32 -1608, i32 -3216, i32 -4821, i32 -6424, i32 -8022, i32 -9616, i32 -11204, i32 -12785, i32 -14359, i32 -15924, i32 -17479, i32 -19024, i32 -20557, i32 -22078, i32 -23586, i32 -25080, i32 -26558, i32 -28020, i32 -29466, i32 -30893, i32 -32303, i32 -33692, i32 -35062, i32 -36410, i32 -37736, i32 -39040, i32 -40320, i32 -41576, i32 -42806, i32 -44011, i32 -45190, i32 -46341, i32 -47464, i32 -48559, i32 -49624, i32 -50660, i32 -51665, i32 -52639, i32 -53581, i32 -54491, i32 -55368, i32 -56212, i32 -57022, i32 -57798, i32 -58538, i32 -59244, i32 -59914, i32 -60547, i32 -61145, i32 -61705, i32 -62228, i32 -62714, i32 -63162, i32 -63572, i32 -63944, i32 -64277, i32 -64571, i32 -64827, i32 -65043, i32 -65220, i32 -65358, i32 -65457, i32 -65516, i32 -65536, i32 -65516, i32 -65457, i32 -65358, i32 -65220, i32 -65043, i32 -64827, i32 -64571, i32 -64277, i32 -63944, i32 -63572, i32 -63162, i32 -62714, i32 -62228, i32 -61705, i32 -61145, i32 -60547, i32 -59914, i32 -59244, i32 -58538, i32 -57798, i32 -57022, i32 -56212, i32 -55368, i32 -54491, i32 -53581, i32 -52639, i32 -51665, i32 -50660, i32 -49624, i32 -48559, i32 -47464, i32 -46341, i32 -45190, i32 -44011, i32 -42806, i32 -41576, i32 -40320, i32 -39040, i32 -37736, i32 -36410, i32 -35062, i32 -33692, i32 -32303, i32 -30893, i32 -29466, i32 -28020, i32 -26558, i32 -25080, i32 -23586, i32 -22078, i32 -20557, i32 -19024, i32 -17479, i32 -15924, i32 -14359, i32 -12785, i32 -11204, i32 -9616, i32 -8022, i32 -6424, i32 -4821, i32 -3216, i32 -1608]\n")
-  emith("define i32 @fn_fx_sqrt(i32 %x) {\n")
+  emith("define i32 @lp_fx_sqrt(i32 %x) {\n")
   emith("entry:\n  %neg = icmp slt i32 %x, 0\n  br i1 %neg, label %ret0, label %go\n")
   emith("ret0:\n  ret i32 0\n")
   emith("go:\n  %x64 = sext i32 %x to i64\n  %n0 = shl i64 %x64, 16\n")
@@ -300,14 +300,14 @@ function emit_math_prelude() -> void {
   emith("shift:\n  %rsh2 = lshr i64 %r1, 1\n  store i64 %rsh2, ptr %rp\n  br label %next\n")
   emith("next:\n  %b4 = lshr i64 %b3, 2\n  store i64 %b4, ptr %bp\n  br label %loop\n")
   emith("done:\n  %rf = load i64, ptr %rp\n  %r32 = trunc i64 %rf to i32\n  ret i32 %r32\n}\n")
-  emith("define i32 @fn_fx_sin(i32 %x) {\n")
+  emith("define i32 @lp_fx_sin(i32 %x) {\n")
   emith("  %xe = sext i32 %x to i64\n  %m = mul i64 %xe, 2670177\n  %idxf = ashr i64 %m, 16\n")
   emith("  %i0 = ashr i64 %idxf, 16\n  %i0m = and i64 %i0, 255\n  %frac = and i64 %idxf, 65535\n")
   emith("  %i1 = add i64 %i0m, 1\n  %i1m = and i64 %i1, 255\n")
   emith("  %p0 = getelementptr [256 x i32], ptr @L_sin_tab, i64 0, i64 %i0m\n  %v0 = load i32, ptr %p0\n")
   emith("  %p1 = getelementptr [256 x i32], ptr @L_sin_tab, i64 0, i64 %i1m\n  %v1 = load i32, ptr %p1\n")
   emith("  %d = sub i32 %v1, %v0\n  %de = sext i32 %d to i64\n  %dm = mul i64 %de, %frac\n  %dsh = ashr i64 %dm, 16\n  %dsh32 = trunc i64 %dsh to i32\n  %res = add i32 %v0, %dsh32\n  ret i32 %res\n}\n")
-  emith("define i32 @fn_fx_atan2(i32 %y, i32 %x) {\n")
+  emith("define i32 @lp_fx_atan2(i32 %y, i32 %x) {\n")
   emith("entry:\n")
   emith("  %xz = icmp eq i32 %x, 0\n")
   emith("  %yz = icmp eq i32 %y, 0\n")
@@ -363,11 +363,11 @@ function emit_math_prelude() -> void {
   emith("  %res = select i1 %yneg, i32 %angneg, i32 %angle\n")
   emith("  ret i32 %res\n")
   emith("}\n")
-  # @fn_fx_exp2(x) = 2^x, Q16.16. Split x into integer part i and fraction f in
+  # @lp_fx_exp2(x) = 2^x, Q16.16. Split x into integer part i and fraction f in
   # [0,1); 2^f is a 5th-order Taylor polynomial (Horner, coefficients (ln2)^k/k!
   # in Q16.16), then shift by i. Shift amounts are clamped to a safe [0,31] so a
   # huge exponent saturates instead of hitting an undefined shift.
-  emith("define i32 @fn_fx_exp2(i32 %x) {\n")
+  emith("define i32 @lp_fx_exp2(i32 %x) {\n")
   emith("  %i = ashr i32 %x, 16\n  %f = and i32 %x, 65535\n  %fe = sext i32 %f to i64\n")
   emith("  %m5 = mul i64 %fe, 87\n  %s5 = ashr i64 %m5, 16\n  %p5 = add i64 %s5, 630\n")
   emith("  %m4 = mul i64 %fe, %p5\n  %s4 = ashr i64 %m4, 16\n  %p4 = add i64 %s4, 3638\n")
@@ -381,12 +381,12 @@ function emit_math_prelude() -> void {
   emith("  %ni = sub i32 0, %i\n  %ra0 = select i1 %ipos, i32 0, i32 %ni\n  %rahi = icmp sgt i32 %ra0, 31\n  %ra = select i1 %rahi, i32 31, i32 %ra0\n")
   emith("  %shr = ashr i32 %p, %ra\n")
   emith("  %res = select i1 %ipos, i32 %shl, i32 %shr\n  ret i32 %res\n}\n")
-  # @fn_fx_log2(x) = log2(x), Q16.16, for x > 0 (x <= 0 saturates to the most
+  # @lp_fx_log2(x) = log2(x), Q16.16, for x > 0 (x <= 0 saturates to the most
   # negative i32). ctlz finds the MSB, giving the integer part e and a mantissa
   # m in [1,2); ln(m) uses the fast-converging atanh series on r = (m-1)/(m+1),
   # then log2(m) = ln(m)/ln2. Result is e + log2(m).
   emith("declare i32 @llvm.ctlz.i32(i32, i1)\n")
-  emith("define i32 @fn_fx_log2(i32 %x) {\n")
+  emith("define i32 @lp_fx_log2(i32 %x) {\n")
   emith("entry:\n  %pos = icmp sgt i32 %x, 0\n  br i1 %pos, label %go, label %neg\n")
   emith("neg:\n  ret i32 -2147483648\n")
   emith("go:\n  %lz = call i32 @llvm.ctlz.i32(i32 %x, i1 true)\n  %pmsb = sub i32 31, %lz\n")

selfhost/backend/stdlib/emit_net.ludic

@@ -31,10 +31,10 @@ function net_model_bytes(m: Node) -> int {
       let c = find_comp(m.kids[ci].s)
       if (c != null) {
         var fj = 0
-        while fj < len(c.kids) { if c.kids[fj].ival == 1 { total = total + net_field_ibytes(c.kids[fj].ty) };  fj = fj + 1 }
+        while fj < len(c.kids) { if c.kids[fj].ival == 1 { total += net_field_ibytes(c.kids[fj].ty) };  fj += 1 }
       }
     }
-    ci = ci + 1
+    ci += 1
   }
   return total
 }
@@ -43,14 +43,14 @@ function net_model_syncs(m: Node) -> bool { return net_model_bytes(m) > 0 }
 
 function net_has_sync() -> bool {
   var i = 0
-  while i < len(prog) { if prog[i].kind == N_ARCH { if net_model_syncs(prog[i]) { return true } };  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(prog) { if prog[i].kind == N_ARCH { if net_model_syncs(prog[i]) { return true } };  i += 1 }
   return false
 }
 
 # ---- N3: ownership -----------------------------------------------------------
 function net_has_owned() -> bool {
   var i = 0
-  while i < len(prog) { if prog[i].kind == N_ARCH and (prog[i].ival == 1) { return true };  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(prog) { if prog[i].kind == N_ARCH and (prog[i].ival == 1) { return true };  i += 1 }
   return false
 }
 
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ function net_has_owned() -> bool {
 # A handler tagged @Server (ival==1) or @Predicted (ival==2) has a network role.
 function net_has_role() -> bool {
   var i = 0
-  while i < len(prog) { if prog[i].kind == N_SYS and (prog[i].ival != 0) { return true };  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(prog) { if prog[i].kind == N_SYS and (prog[i].ival != 0) { return true };  i += 1 }
   return false
 }
 
@@ -95,15 +95,15 @@ function net_check() -> void {
                 any = true
                 if (llty(c.kids[fj].ty) == "ptr") { perr(`@Sync field {cn}.{c.kids[fj].s} is not a POD scalar (networked fields must be int/bool/fixed/byte)`) }
               }
-              fj = fj + 1
+              fj += 1
             }
             if not any { net_warn(`model {m.s} @Syncs {cn} but it has no @Sync fields — nothing replicates`) }
           }
         }
-        ci = ci + 1
+        ci += 1
       }
     }
-    i = i + 1
+    i += 1
   }
 }
 
@@ -129,13 +129,13 @@ function emit_net_serialize(m: Node) -> void {
             let fa = nreg();  emit("  ");  emit(fa);  emit(" = getelementptr inbounds %Cmp_");  emit(cn);  emit(", ptr ");  emit(s);  emit(", i32 0, i32 ");  emit(itoa(fj));  emit("\n")
             let dst = nreg();  emit("  ");  emit(dst);  emit(" = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %buf, i32 ");  emit(itoa(off));  emit("\n")
             emit("  call ptr @memcpy(ptr ");  emit(dst);  emit(", ptr ");  emit(fa);  emit(", i64 ");  emit(bytes);  emit(")\n")
-            off = off + net_field_ibytes(c.kids[fj].ty)
+            off += net_field_ibytes(c.kids[fj].ty)
           }
-          fj = fj + 1
+          fj += 1
         }
       }
     }
-    ci = ci + 1
+    ci += 1
   }
   emit("  ret i32 ");  emit(itoa(off));  emit("\n}\n\n")
 }
@@ -162,13 +162,13 @@ function emit_net_apply(m: Node) -> void {
             let fa = nreg();  emit("  ");  emit(fa);  emit(" = getelementptr inbounds %Cmp_");  emit(cn);  emit(", ptr ");  emit(s);  emit(", i32 0, i32 ");  emit(itoa(fj));  emit("\n")
             let src = nreg();  emit("  ");  emit(src);  emit(" = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %buf, i32 ");  emit(itoa(off));  emit("\n")
             emit("  call ptr @memcpy(ptr ");  emit(fa);  emit(", ptr ");  emit(src);  emit(", i64 ");  emit(bytes);  emit(")\n")
-            off = off + net_field_ibytes(c.kids[fj].ty)
+            off += net_field_ibytes(c.kids[fj].ty)
           }
-          fj = fj + 1
+          fj += 1
         }
       }
     }
-    ci = ci + 1
+    ci += 1
   }
   emit("  ret void\n}\n\n")
 }
@@ -191,9 +191,9 @@ function emit_net_dispatch() -> void {
       emit("  br i1 %c");  emit(sk);  emit(", label %h");  emit(sk);  emit(", label %n");  emit(sk);  emit("\n")
       emit("h");  emit(sk);  emit(":\n  %r");  emit(sk);  emit(" = call i32 @L_serialize_");  emit(mn);  emit("(i32 %e, ptr %buf)\n  ret i32 %r");  emit(sk);  emit("\n")
       emit("n");  emit(sk);  emit(":\n")
-      k = k + 1
+      k += 1
     }
-    i = i + 1
+    i += 1
   }
   emit("  ret i32 0\n}\n\n")
 
@@ -207,9 +207,9 @@ function emit_net_dispatch() -> void {
       emit("  br i1 %c");  emit(sk);  emit(", label %h");  emit(sk);  emit(", label %n");  emit(sk);  emit("\n")
       emit("h");  emit(sk);  emit(":\n  call void @L_apply_");  emit(mn);  emit("(i32 %e, ptr %buf, i32 %len)\n  ret void\n")
       emit("n");  emit(sk);  emit(":\n")
-      k = k + 1
+      k += 1
     }
-    i = i + 1
+    i += 1
   }
   emit("  ret void\n}\n\n")
 
@@ -225,9 +225,9 @@ function emit_net_dispatch() -> void {
       emit("  br i1 %c");  emit(sk);  emit(", label %h");  emit(sk);  emit(", label %n");  emit(sk);  emit("\n")
       emit("h");  emit(sk);  emit(":\n  ret i32 ");  emit(itoa(net_model_bytes(prog[i])));  emit("\n")
       emit("n");  emit(sk);  emit(":\n")
-      k = k + 1
+      k += 1
     }
-    i = i + 1
+    i += 1
   }
   emit("  ret i32 0\n}\n\n")
 }
@@ -296,14 +296,14 @@ function emit_loopback() -> void {
 
 function net_has_remote() -> bool {
   var i = 0
-  while i < len(g_events) { if (g_events[i].ty != null) { return true };  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(g_events) { if (g_events[i].ty != null) { return true };  i += 1 }
   return false
 }
 # stable wire id for an event = its index in g_events (same program both peers)
 function net_event_id(name: pointer) -> int {
   var i = 0
-  while i < len(g_events) { if (g_events[i].s == name) { return i };  i = i + 1 }
-  return 0 - 1
+  while i < len(g_events) { if (g_events[i].s == name) { return i };  i += 1 }
+  return -1
 }
 # the transport symbols: an `extern fn` override, else the built-in loopback.
 function net_send_sym() -> pointer { let x = find_extern("net_send");  if (x != null) { return x.a.s };  return "L_net_send" }
@@ -338,14 +338,14 @@ function emit_net_pump() -> void {
         emit("  %fv");  emit(fk);  emit(" = load ");  emit(ft);  emit(", ptr %fa");  emit(fk);  emit("\n")
         if f > 0 { buf_puts(acc, ", ") }
         buf_puts(acc, ft);  buf_puts(acc, " %fv");  buf_puts(acc, fk)
-        off = off + net_field_ibytes(ev.kids[f].ty)
-        f = f + 1
+        off += net_field_ibytes(ev.kids[f].ty)
+        f += 1
       }
       emit("  call void @ev_");  emit(ev.s);  emit("(");  emit(buf_str(acc));  emit(")\n")
       emit("  br label %loop\n")
       emit("x");  emit(sk);  emit(":\n")
     }
-    e = e + 1
+    e += 1
   }
   emit("  br label %loop\n")                       # unknown id: skip, keep draining
   emit("fin:\n  ret void\n}\n\n")
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ function emit_net() -> void {
         emit_net_serialize(prog[i])
         emit_net_apply(prog[i])
       }
-      i = i + 1
+      i += 1
     }
     emit_net_dispatch()
   }

selfhost/backend/stdlib/emit_noise.ludic

@@ -36,114 +36,114 @@ function emit_noise_ns(meth: pointer, e: Node) -> Val {
   g_uses_noisert = true
   if (meth == "value2") {
     let x = emit_expr(e.kids[0]);  let y = emit_expr(e.kids[1]);  let s = emit_expr(e.kids[2])
-    return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_noise_value2(i32 {x.code}, i32 {y.code}, i32 {s.code})`), "fixed")
+    return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @lp_noise_value2(i32 {x.code}, i32 {y.code}, i32 {s.code})`), "fixed")
   }
   if (meth == "perlin2") {
     let x = emit_expr(e.kids[0]);  let y = emit_expr(e.kids[1]);  let s = emit_expr(e.kids[2])
-    return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_noise_perlin2(i32 {x.code}, i32 {y.code}, i32 {s.code})`), "fixed")
+    return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @lp_noise_perlin2(i32 {x.code}, i32 {y.code}, i32 {s.code})`), "fixed")
   }
   if (meth == "simplex2") {
     let x = emit_expr(e.kids[0]);  let y = emit_expr(e.kids[1]);  let s = emit_expr(e.kids[2])
-    return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_noise_simplex2(i32 {x.code}, i32 {y.code}, i32 {s.code})`), "fixed")
+    return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @lp_noise_simplex2(i32 {x.code}, i32 {y.code}, i32 {s.code})`), "fixed")
   }
   if (meth == "fbm2") {
     g_uses_mathrt = true                            # simplex path is standalone; fbm needs fx_div only (local)
     let x = emit_expr(e.kids[0]);  let y = emit_expr(e.kids[1]);  let s = emit_expr(e.kids[2]);  let o = emit_expr(e.kids[3])
-    return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_noise_fbm2(i32 {x.code}, i32 {y.code}, i32 {s.code}, i32 {o.code})`), "fixed")
+    return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @lp_noise_fbm2(i32 {x.code}, i32 {y.code}, i32 {s.code}, i32 {o.code})`), "fixed")
   }
   if (meth == "cellular2") {
-    g_uses_mathrt = true                            # F1 distance needs @fn_fx_sqrt
+    g_uses_mathrt = true                            # F1 distance needs @lp_fx_sqrt
     let x = emit_expr(e.kids[0]);  let y = emit_expr(e.kids[1]);  let s = emit_expr(e.kids[2])
-    return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_noise_cellular2(i32 {x.code}, i32 {y.code}, i32 {s.code})`), "fixed")
+    return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @lp_noise_cellular2(i32 {x.code}, i32 {y.code}, i32 {s.code})`), "fixed")
   }
   # cellular2_id: the hash id of the nearest feature cell (stable per cell -> use
   # it to pick a biome/material). Distances come from cellular2.
   let x = emit_expr(e.kids[0]);  let y = emit_expr(e.kids[1]);  let s = emit_expr(e.kids[2])
-  return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_noise_cellular2_id(i32 {x.code}, i32 {y.code}, i32 {s.code})`), "int")
+  return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @lp_noise_cellular2_id(i32 {x.code}, i32 {y.code}, i32 {s.code})`), "int")
 }
 
 # emit_noise_prelude — the noise runtime, emitted once per program that uses
 # Noise.* (g_uses_noisert). Pure Q16.16 integer IR; cellular/fbm additionally use
-# the math prelude (@fn_fx_sqrt), pulled in by setting g_uses_mathrt at the call.
+# the math prelude (@lp_fx_sqrt), pulled in by setting g_uses_mathrt at the call.
 function emit_noise_prelude() -> void {
   # Q16.16 helpers (local to noise so the prelude is self-contained for the
   # gradient/value paths). fx multiply, divide, lerp, and a [-1,1] clamp.
-  emith("define i32 @fn_nfx_mul(i32 %a, i32 %b) {\n")
+  emith("define i32 @lp_nfx_mul(i32 %a, i32 %b) {\n")
   emith("  %a64 = sext i32 %a to i64\n  %b64 = sext i32 %b to i64\n  %m = mul i64 %a64, %b64\n  %s = ashr i64 %m, 16\n  %r = trunc i64 %s to i32\n  ret i32 %r\n}\n")
-  emith("define i32 @fn_nfx_div(i32 %a, i32 %b) {\n")
+  emith("define i32 @lp_nfx_div(i32 %a, i32 %b) {\n")
   emith("  %z = icmp eq i32 %b, 0\n  br i1 %z, label %zero, label %go\n")
   emith("zero:\n  ret i32 0\n")
   emith("go:\n  %a64 = sext i32 %a to i64\n  %ash = shl i64 %a64, 16\n  %b64 = sext i32 %b to i64\n  %d = sdiv i64 %ash, %b64\n  %r = trunc i64 %d to i32\n  ret i32 %r\n}\n")
-  emith("define i32 @fn_nfx_lerp(i32 %a, i32 %b, i32 %t) {\n")
-  emith("  %d = sub i32 %b, %a\n  %dt = call i32 @fn_nfx_mul(i32 %d, i32 %t)\n  %r = add i32 %a, %dt\n  ret i32 %r\n}\n")
-  emith("define i32 @fn_noise_clamp(i32 %v) {\n")
+  emith("define i32 @lp_nfx_lerp(i32 %a, i32 %b, i32 %t) {\n")
+  emith("  %d = sub i32 %b, %a\n  %dt = call i32 @lp_nfx_mul(i32 %d, i32 %t)\n  %r = add i32 %a, %dt\n  ret i32 %r\n}\n")
+  emith("define i32 @lp_noise_clamp(i32 %v) {\n")
   emith("  %hi = icmp sgt i32 %v, 65536\n  %v1 = select i1 %hi, i32 65536, i32 %v\n  %lo = icmp slt i32 %v1, -65536\n  %r = select i1 %lo, i32 -65536, i32 %v1\n  ret i32 %r\n}\n")
 
   # integer lattice hash: mix seed + cell coords with large odd constants, then a
   # MurmurHash3-style fmix32 finalizer. Deterministic and well-distributed.
-  emith("define i32 @fn_noise_hash(i32 %seed, i32 %xi, i32 %yi) {\n")
+  emith("define i32 @lp_noise_hash(i32 %seed, i32 %xi, i32 %yi) {\n")
   emith("  %a = mul i32 %xi, 374761393\n  %b = mul i32 %yi, -1028477387\n  %c = add i32 %seed, %a\n  %d0 = add i32 %c, %b\n")
   emith("  %e = lshr i32 %d0, 16\n  %f = xor i32 %d0, %e\n  %g = mul i32 %f, -2048144789\n")
   emith("  %h = lshr i32 %g, 13\n  %i = xor i32 %g, %h\n  %j = mul i32 %i, -1028477387\n")
   emith("  %k = lshr i32 %j, 16\n  %l = xor i32 %j, %k\n  ret i32 %l\n}\n")
 
   # quintic fade 6t^5 - 15t^4 + 10t^3 (Q16.16); t in [0,1]
-  emith("define i32 @fn_noise_fade(i32 %t) {\n")
-  emith("  %t2 = call i32 @fn_nfx_mul(i32 %t, i32 %t)\n  %t3 = call i32 @fn_nfx_mul(i32 %t2, i32 %t)\n")
-  emith("  %t4 = call i32 @fn_nfx_mul(i32 %t3, i32 %t)\n  %t5 = call i32 @fn_nfx_mul(i32 %t4, i32 %t)\n")
+  emith("define i32 @lp_noise_fade(i32 %t) {\n")
+  emith("  %t2 = call i32 @lp_nfx_mul(i32 %t, i32 %t)\n  %t3 = call i32 @lp_nfx_mul(i32 %t2, i32 %t)\n")
+  emith("  %t4 = call i32 @lp_nfx_mul(i32 %t3, i32 %t)\n  %t5 = call i32 @lp_nfx_mul(i32 %t4, i32 %t)\n")
   emith("  %c6 = mul i32 %t5, 6\n  %c15 = mul i32 %t4, 15\n  %c10 = mul i32 %t3, 10\n")
   emith("  %s1 = sub i32 %c6, %c15\n  %r = add i32 %s1, %c10\n  ret i32 %r\n}\n")
 
   # value noise: bilinear-interpolate the four corner random values (each mapped
   # to [-1,1]) with the faded fractional coordinates.
-  emith("define i32 @fn_noise_value2(i32 %x, i32 %y, i32 %seed) {\n")
+  emith("define i32 @lp_noise_value2(i32 %x, i32 %y, i32 %seed) {\n")
   emith("  %xi = ashr i32 %x, 16\n  %yi = ashr i32 %y, 16\n  %xf = and i32 %x, 65535\n  %yf = and i32 %y, 65535\n")
-  emith("  %u = call i32 @fn_noise_fade(i32 %xf)\n  %v = call i32 @fn_noise_fade(i32 %yf)\n")
+  emith("  %u = call i32 @lp_noise_fade(i32 %xf)\n  %v = call i32 @lp_noise_fade(i32 %yf)\n")
   emith("  %xi1 = add i32 %xi, 1\n  %yi1 = add i32 %yi, 1\n")
-  emith("  %h00 = call i32 @fn_noise_hash(i32 %seed, i32 %xi, i32 %yi)\n  %m00 = and i32 %h00, 131071\n  %n00 = sub i32 %m00, 65536\n")
-  emith("  %h10 = call i32 @fn_noise_hash(i32 %seed, i32 %xi1, i32 %yi)\n  %m10 = and i32 %h10, 131071\n  %n10 = sub i32 %m10, 65536\n")
-  emith("  %h01 = call i32 @fn_noise_hash(i32 %seed, i32 %xi, i32 %yi1)\n  %m01 = and i32 %h01, 131071\n  %n01 = sub i32 %m01, 65536\n")
-  emith("  %h11 = call i32 @fn_noise_hash(i32 %seed, i32 %xi1, i32 %yi1)\n  %m11 = and i32 %h11, 131071\n  %n11 = sub i32 %m11, 65536\n")
-  emith("  %a = call i32 @fn_nfx_lerp(i32 %n00, i32 %n10, i32 %u)\n  %b = call i32 @fn_nfx_lerp(i32 %n01, i32 %n11, i32 %u)\n")
-  emith("  %n = call i32 @fn_nfx_lerp(i32 %a, i32 %b, i32 %v)\n  %r = call i32 @fn_noise_clamp(i32 %n)\n  ret i32 %r\n}\n")
+  emith("  %h00 = call i32 @lp_noise_hash(i32 %seed, i32 %xi, i32 %yi)\n  %m00 = and i32 %h00, 131071\n  %n00 = sub i32 %m00, 65536\n")
+  emith("  %h10 = call i32 @lp_noise_hash(i32 %seed, i32 %xi1, i32 %yi)\n  %m10 = and i32 %h10, 131071\n  %n10 = sub i32 %m10, 65536\n")
+  emith("  %h01 = call i32 @lp_noise_hash(i32 %seed, i32 %xi, i32 %yi1)\n  %m01 = and i32 %h01, 131071\n  %n01 = sub i32 %m01, 65536\n")
+  emith("  %h11 = call i32 @lp_noise_hash(i32 %seed, i32 %xi1, i32 %yi1)\n  %m11 = and i32 %h11, 131071\n  %n11 = sub i32 %m11, 65536\n")
+  emith("  %a = call i32 @lp_nfx_lerp(i32 %n00, i32 %n10, i32 %u)\n  %b = call i32 @lp_nfx_lerp(i32 %n01, i32 %n11, i32 %u)\n")
+  emith("  %n = call i32 @lp_nfx_lerp(i32 %a, i32 %b, i32 %v)\n  %r = call i32 @lp_noise_clamp(i32 %n)\n  ret i32 %r\n}\n")
 
   # 8 gradient directions (axis + diagonal, the diagonals scaled by 1/sqrt2), as
   # packed (gx, gy) Q16.16 pairs; grad2 dots the selected gradient with (dx, dy).
   emith("@noise_grad2 = private unnamed_addr constant [16 x i32] [i32 65536, i32 0, i32 -65536, i32 0, i32 0, i32 65536, i32 0, i32 -65536, i32 46341, i32 46341, i32 -46341, i32 46341, i32 46341, i32 -46341, i32 -46341, i32 -46341]\n")
-  emith("define i32 @fn_noise_grad2(i32 %hash, i32 %dx, i32 %dy) {\n")
+  emith("define i32 @lp_noise_grad2(i32 %hash, i32 %dx, i32 %dy) {\n")
   emith("  %h = and i32 %hash, 7\n  %idx = shl i32 %h, 1\n  %idx64 = sext i32 %idx to i64\n")
   emith("  %gxp = getelementptr [16 x i32], ptr @noise_grad2, i64 0, i64 %idx64\n  %gx = load i32, ptr %gxp\n")
   emith("  %idy = add i32 %idx, 1\n  %idy64 = sext i32 %idy to i64\n  %gyp = getelementptr [16 x i32], ptr @noise_grad2, i64 0, i64 %idy64\n  %gy = load i32, ptr %gyp\n")
-  emith("  %px = call i32 @fn_nfx_mul(i32 %gx, i32 %dx)\n  %py = call i32 @fn_nfx_mul(i32 %gy, i32 %dy)\n  %r = add i32 %px, %py\n  ret i32 %r\n}\n")
+  emith("  %px = call i32 @lp_nfx_mul(i32 %gx, i32 %dx)\n  %py = call i32 @lp_nfx_mul(i32 %gy, i32 %dy)\n  %r = add i32 %px, %py\n  ret i32 %r\n}\n")
 
   # Perlin gradient noise: interpolate the four corner gradient dots, then scale
   # the ~[-0.707,0.707] result by sqrt2 into [-1,1] (and clamp for safety).
-  emith("define i32 @fn_noise_perlin2(i32 %x, i32 %y, i32 %seed) {\n")
+  emith("define i32 @lp_noise_perlin2(i32 %x, i32 %y, i32 %seed) {\n")
   emith("  %xi = ashr i32 %x, 16\n  %yi = ashr i32 %y, 16\n  %xf = and i32 %x, 65535\n  %yf = and i32 %y, 65535\n")
   emith("  %xf1 = sub i32 %xf, 65536\n  %yf1 = sub i32 %yf, 65536\n")
-  emith("  %u = call i32 @fn_noise_fade(i32 %xf)\n  %v = call i32 @fn_noise_fade(i32 %yf)\n")
+  emith("  %u = call i32 @lp_noise_fade(i32 %xf)\n  %v = call i32 @lp_noise_fade(i32 %yf)\n")
   emith("  %xi1 = add i32 %xi, 1\n  %yi1 = add i32 %yi, 1\n")
-  emith("  %h00 = call i32 @fn_noise_hash(i32 %seed, i32 %xi, i32 %yi)\n  %h10 = call i32 @fn_noise_hash(i32 %seed, i32 %xi1, i32 %yi)\n")
-  emith("  %h01 = call i32 @fn_noise_hash(i32 %seed, i32 %xi, i32 %yi1)\n  %h11 = call i32 @fn_noise_hash(i32 %seed, i32 %xi1, i32 %yi1)\n")
-  emith("  %g00 = call i32 @fn_noise_grad2(i32 %h00, i32 %xf, i32 %yf)\n  %g10 = call i32 @fn_noise_grad2(i32 %h10, i32 %xf1, i32 %yf)\n")
-  emith("  %g01 = call i32 @fn_noise_grad2(i32 %h01, i32 %xf, i32 %yf1)\n  %g11 = call i32 @fn_noise_grad2(i32 %h11, i32 %xf1, i32 %yf1)\n")
-  emith("  %a = call i32 @fn_nfx_lerp(i32 %g00, i32 %g10, i32 %u)\n  %b = call i32 @fn_nfx_lerp(i32 %g01, i32 %g11, i32 %u)\n")
-  emith("  %n = call i32 @fn_nfx_lerp(i32 %a, i32 %b, i32 %v)\n  %sc = call i32 @fn_nfx_mul(i32 %n, i32 92682)\n  %r = call i32 @fn_noise_clamp(i32 %sc)\n  ret i32 %r\n}\n")
+  emith("  %h00 = call i32 @lp_noise_hash(i32 %seed, i32 %xi, i32 %yi)\n  %h10 = call i32 @lp_noise_hash(i32 %seed, i32 %xi1, i32 %yi)\n")
+  emith("  %h01 = call i32 @lp_noise_hash(i32 %seed, i32 %xi, i32 %yi1)\n  %h11 = call i32 @lp_noise_hash(i32 %seed, i32 %xi1, i32 %yi1)\n")
+  emith("  %g00 = call i32 @lp_noise_grad2(i32 %h00, i32 %xf, i32 %yf)\n  %g10 = call i32 @lp_noise_grad2(i32 %h10, i32 %xf1, i32 %yf)\n")
+  emith("  %g01 = call i32 @lp_noise_grad2(i32 %h01, i32 %xf, i32 %yf1)\n  %g11 = call i32 @lp_noise_grad2(i32 %h11, i32 %xf1, i32 %yf1)\n")
+  emith("  %a = call i32 @lp_nfx_lerp(i32 %g00, i32 %g10, i32 %u)\n  %b = call i32 @lp_nfx_lerp(i32 %g01, i32 %g11, i32 %u)\n")
+  emith("  %n = call i32 @lp_nfx_lerp(i32 %a, i32 %b, i32 %v)\n  %sc = call i32 @lp_nfx_mul(i32 %n, i32 92682)\n  %r = call i32 @lp_noise_clamp(i32 %sc)\n  ret i32 %r\n}\n")
 
   # one simplex corner contribution: t = 0.5 - x^2 - y^2; if t <= 0 -> 0, else
   # t^4 * grad(hash, x, y). Kept as a helper so simplex2 reads as three corners.
-  emith("define i32 @fn_noise_scorner(i32 %hash, i32 %dx, i32 %dy) {\n")
-  emith("  %xx = call i32 @fn_nfx_mul(i32 %dx, i32 %dx)\n  %yy = call i32 @fn_nfx_mul(i32 %dy, i32 %dy)\n")
+  emith("define i32 @lp_noise_scorner(i32 %hash, i32 %dx, i32 %dy) {\n")
+  emith("  %xx = call i32 @lp_nfx_mul(i32 %dx, i32 %dx)\n  %yy = call i32 @lp_nfx_mul(i32 %dy, i32 %dy)\n")
   emith("  %s0 = sub i32 32768, %xx\n  %t = sub i32 %s0, %yy\n  %neg = icmp sle i32 %t, 0\n  br i1 %neg, label %zero, label %go\n")
   emith("zero:\n  ret i32 0\n")
-  emith("go:\n  %t2 = call i32 @fn_nfx_mul(i32 %t, i32 %t)\n  %t4 = call i32 @fn_nfx_mul(i32 %t2, i32 %t2)\n")
-  emith("  %g = call i32 @fn_noise_grad2(i32 %hash, i32 %dx, i32 %dy)\n  %r = call i32 @fn_nfx_mul(i32 %t4, i32 %g)\n  ret i32 %r\n}\n")
+  emith("go:\n  %t2 = call i32 @lp_nfx_mul(i32 %t, i32 %t)\n  %t4 = call i32 @lp_nfx_mul(i32 %t2, i32 %t2)\n")
+  emith("  %g = call i32 @lp_noise_grad2(i32 %hash, i32 %dx, i32 %dy)\n  %r = call i32 @lp_nfx_mul(i32 %t4, i32 %g)\n  ret i32 %r\n}\n")
 
   # 2D simplex noise (skewed triangular lattice). F2 = (sqrt3-1)/2 = 23994,
   # G2 = (3-sqrt3)/6 = 13849 in Q16.16. Sum of three corner contributions, scaled
   # into [-1,1] and clamped.
-  emith("define i32 @fn_noise_simplex2(i32 %x, i32 %y, i32 %seed) {\n")
-  emith("  %sum0 = add i32 %x, %y\n  %skew = call i32 @fn_nfx_mul(i32 %sum0, i32 23994)\n")
+  emith("define i32 @lp_noise_simplex2(i32 %x, i32 %y, i32 %seed) {\n")
+  emith("  %sum0 = add i32 %x, %y\n  %skew = call i32 @lp_nfx_mul(i32 %sum0, i32 23994)\n")
   emith("  %xs = add i32 %x, %skew\n  %ys = add i32 %y, %skew\n  %i = ashr i32 %xs, 16\n  %j = ashr i32 %ys, 16\n")
   emith("  %ij = add i32 %i, %j\n  %tt = mul i32 %ij, 13849\n")           # t = (i+j)*G2, fixed
   emith("  %if0 = shl i32 %i, 16\n  %jf0 = shl i32 %j, 16\n")
@@ -153,30 +153,30 @@ function emit_noise_prelude() -> void {
   emith("  %x1a = sub i32 %x0, %i1f\n  %x1 = add i32 %x1a, 13849\n  %y1a = sub i32 %y0, %j1f\n  %y1 = add i32 %y1a, 13849\n")
   emith("  %x2a = sub i32 %x0, 65536\n  %x2 = add i32 %x2a, 27698\n  %y2a = sub i32 %y0, 65536\n  %y2 = add i32 %y2a, 27698\n")
   emith("  %i1p = add i32 %i, %i1\n  %j1p = add i32 %j, %j1\n  %i2 = add i32 %i, 1\n  %j2 = add i32 %j, 1\n")
-  emith("  %gi0 = call i32 @fn_noise_hash(i32 %seed, i32 %i, i32 %j)\n  %gi1 = call i32 @fn_noise_hash(i32 %seed, i32 %i1p, i32 %j1p)\n  %gi2 = call i32 @fn_noise_hash(i32 %seed, i32 %i2, i32 %j2)\n")
-  emith("  %n0 = call i32 @fn_noise_scorner(i32 %gi0, i32 %x0, i32 %y0)\n  %n1 = call i32 @fn_noise_scorner(i32 %gi1, i32 %x1, i32 %y1)\n  %n2 = call i32 @fn_noise_scorner(i32 %gi2, i32 %x2, i32 %y2)\n")
+  emith("  %gi0 = call i32 @lp_noise_hash(i32 %seed, i32 %i, i32 %j)\n  %gi1 = call i32 @lp_noise_hash(i32 %seed, i32 %i1p, i32 %j1p)\n  %gi2 = call i32 @lp_noise_hash(i32 %seed, i32 %i2, i32 %j2)\n")
+  emith("  %n0 = call i32 @lp_noise_scorner(i32 %gi0, i32 %x0, i32 %y0)\n  %n1 = call i32 @lp_noise_scorner(i32 %gi1, i32 %x1, i32 %y1)\n  %n2 = call i32 @lp_noise_scorner(i32 %gi2, i32 %x2, i32 %y2)\n")
   emith("  %sa = add i32 %n0, %n1\n  %sb = add i32 %sa, %n2\n")
-  emith("  %sc = mul i32 %sb, 45\n  %r = call i32 @fn_noise_clamp(i32 %sc)\n  ret i32 %r\n}\n")
+  emith("  %sc = mul i32 %sb, 45\n  %r = call i32 @lp_noise_clamp(i32 %sc)\n  ret i32 %r\n}\n")
 
   # fractal Brownian motion: sum `oct` octaves of simplex at rising frequency
   # (lacunarity 2.0) and falling amplitude (gain 0.5), normalised by total
   # amplitude so the result stays in [-1,1]. seed varies per octave.
-  emith("define i32 @fn_noise_fbm2(i32 %x, i32 %y, i32 %seed, i32 %oct) {\n")
+  emith("define i32 @lp_noise_fbm2(i32 %x, i32 %y, i32 %seed, i32 %oct) {\n")
   emith("entry:\n  %sump = alloca i32\n  %normp = alloca i32\n  %ampp = alloca i32\n  %freqp = alloca i32\n  %op = alloca i32\n")
   emith("  store i32 0, ptr %sump\n  store i32 0, ptr %normp\n  store i32 65536, ptr %ampp\n  store i32 65536, ptr %freqp\n  store i32 0, ptr %op\n  br label %cond\n")
   emith("cond:\n  %o = load i32, ptr %op\n  %lt = icmp slt i32 %o, %oct\n  br i1 %lt, label %body, label %done\n")
   emith("body:\n  %freq = load i32, ptr %freqp\n  %amp = load i32, ptr %ampp\n")
-  emith("  %fx = call i32 @fn_nfx_mul(i32 %x, i32 %freq)\n  %fy = call i32 @fn_nfx_mul(i32 %y, i32 %freq)\n")
-  emith("  %so = add i32 %seed, %o\n  %n = call i32 @fn_noise_simplex2(i32 %fx, i32 %fy, i32 %so)\n")
-  emith("  %na = call i32 @fn_nfx_mul(i32 %n, i32 %amp)\n  %sum = load i32, ptr %sump\n  %sum2 = add i32 %sum, %na\n  store i32 %sum2, ptr %sump\n")
+  emith("  %fx = call i32 @lp_nfx_mul(i32 %x, i32 %freq)\n  %fy = call i32 @lp_nfx_mul(i32 %y, i32 %freq)\n")
+  emith("  %so = add i32 %seed, %o\n  %n = call i32 @lp_noise_simplex2(i32 %fx, i32 %fy, i32 %so)\n")
+  emith("  %na = call i32 @lp_nfx_mul(i32 %n, i32 %amp)\n  %sum = load i32, ptr %sump\n  %sum2 = add i32 %sum, %na\n  store i32 %sum2, ptr %sump\n")
   emith("  %norm = load i32, ptr %normp\n  %norm2 = add i32 %norm, %amp\n  store i32 %norm2, ptr %normp\n")
-  emith("  %amp2 = call i32 @fn_nfx_mul(i32 %amp, i32 32768)\n  store i32 %amp2, ptr %ampp\n")
-  emith("  %freq2 = call i32 @fn_nfx_mul(i32 %freq, i32 131072)\n  store i32 %freq2, ptr %freqp\n")
+  emith("  %amp2 = call i32 @lp_nfx_mul(i32 %amp, i32 32768)\n  store i32 %amp2, ptr %ampp\n")
+  emith("  %freq2 = call i32 @lp_nfx_mul(i32 %freq, i32 131072)\n  store i32 %freq2, ptr %freqp\n")
   emith("  %o1 = add i32 %o, 1\n  store i32 %o1, ptr %op\n  br label %cond\n")
   emith("done:\n  %fsum = load i32, ptr %sump\n  %fnorm = load i32, ptr %normp\n")
   emith("  %nz = icmp eq i32 %fnorm, 0\n  br i1 %nz, label %z, label %div\n")
   emith("z:\n  ret i32 0\n")
-  emith("div:\n  %d = call i32 @fn_nfx_div(i32 %fsum, i32 %fnorm)\n  %r = call i32 @fn_noise_clamp(i32 %d)\n  ret i32 %r\n}\n")
+  emith("div:\n  %d = call i32 @lp_nfx_div(i32 %fsum, i32 %fnorm)\n  %r = call i32 @lp_noise_clamp(i32 %d)\n  ret i32 %r\n}\n")
 
   # Worley / cellular noise: scan the 3x3 neighbourhood of cells, each holding one
   # feature point placed by its cell hash, and return the distance to (and id of)
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ function emit_noise_prelude() -> void {
 function emit_noise_cellular() -> void {
   # core scan -> writes the min squared distance to %d2out and the winning id to
   # %idout (both caller-allocated), so both public entry points share one loop.
-  emith("define void @fn_noise_cell_scan(i32 %x, i32 %y, i32 %seed, ptr %d2out, ptr %idout) {\n")
+  emith("define void @lp_noise_cell_scan(i32 %x, i32 %y, i32 %seed, ptr %d2out, ptr %idout) {\n")
   emith("entry:\n  %xi = ashr i32 %x, 16\n  %yi = ashr i32 %y, 16\n")
   emith("  %bestp = alloca i32\n  %idp = alloca i32\n  %dyp = alloca i32\n  %dxp = alloca i32\n")
   emith("  store i32 2147483647, ptr %bestp\n  store i32 0, ptr %idp\n  store i32 -1, ptr %dyp\n  br label %yc\n")
@@ -196,22 +196,22 @@ function emit_noise_cellular() -> void {
   emith("yb:\n  store i32 -1, ptr %dxp\n  br label %xc\n")
   emith("xc:\n  %ox = load i32, ptr %dxp\n  %xok = icmp sle i32 %ox, 1\n  br i1 %xok, label %xb, label %xdone\n")
   emith("xb:\n  %cx = add i32 %xi, %ox\n  %cy = add i32 %yi, %oy\n")
-  emith("  %h = call i32 @fn_noise_hash(i32 %seed, i32 %cx, i32 %cy)\n")
+  emith("  %h = call i32 @lp_noise_hash(i32 %seed, i32 %cx, i32 %cy)\n")
   emith("  %fxr = and i32 %h, 65535\n  %hs = lshr i32 %h, 16\n  %fyr = and i32 %hs, 65535\n")
   emith("  %cxf = shl i32 %cx, 16\n  %cyf = shl i32 %cy, 16\n  %pxr = add i32 %cxf, %fxr\n  %pyr = add i32 %cyf, %fyr\n")
   emith("  %ddx = sub i32 %pxr, %x\n  %ddy = sub i32 %pyr, %y\n")
-  emith("  %dxx = call i32 @fn_nfx_mul(i32 %ddx, i32 %ddx)\n  %dyy = call i32 @fn_nfx_mul(i32 %ddy, i32 %ddy)\n  %d2 = add i32 %dxx, %dyy\n")
+  emith("  %dxx = call i32 @lp_nfx_mul(i32 %ddx, i32 %ddx)\n  %dyy = call i32 @lp_nfx_mul(i32 %ddy, i32 %ddy)\n  %d2 = add i32 %dxx, %dyy\n")
   emith("  %best = load i32, ptr %bestp\n  %less = icmp slt i32 %d2, %best\n  br i1 %less, label %upd, label %skip\n")
   emith("upd:\n  store i32 %d2, ptr %bestp\n  store i32 %h, ptr %idp\n  br label %skip\n")
   emith("skip:\n  %ox1 = add i32 %ox, 1\n  store i32 %ox1, ptr %dxp\n  br label %xc\n")
   emith("xdone:\n  %oy1 = add i32 %oy, 1\n  store i32 %oy1, ptr %dyp\n  br label %yc\n")
   emith("ydone:\n  %fb = load i32, ptr %bestp\n  store i32 %fb, ptr %d2out\n  %fi = load i32, ptr %idp\n  store i32 %fi, ptr %idout\n  ret void\n}\n")
 
-  emith("define i32 @fn_noise_cellular2(i32 %x, i32 %y, i32 %seed) {\n")
-  emith("  %d2 = alloca i32\n  %id = alloca i32\n  call void @fn_noise_cell_scan(i32 %x, i32 %y, i32 %seed, ptr %d2, ptr %id)\n")
-  emith("  %v = load i32, ptr %d2\n  %r = call i32 @fn_fx_sqrt(i32 %v)\n  ret i32 %r\n}\n")
+  emith("define i32 @lp_noise_cellular2(i32 %x, i32 %y, i32 %seed) {\n")
+  emith("  %d2 = alloca i32\n  %id = alloca i32\n  call void @lp_noise_cell_scan(i32 %x, i32 %y, i32 %seed, ptr %d2, ptr %id)\n")
+  emith("  %v = load i32, ptr %d2\n  %r = call i32 @lp_fx_sqrt(i32 %v)\n  ret i32 %r\n}\n")
 
-  emith("define i32 @fn_noise_cellular2_id(i32 %x, i32 %y, i32 %seed) {\n")
-  emith("  %d2 = alloca i32\n  %id = alloca i32\n  call void @fn_noise_cell_scan(i32 %x, i32 %y, i32 %seed, ptr %d2, ptr %id)\n")
+  emith("define i32 @lp_noise_cellular2_id(i32 %x, i32 %y, i32 %seed) {\n")
+  emith("  %d2 = alloca i32\n  %id = alloca i32\n  call void @lp_noise_cell_scan(i32 %x, i32 %y, i32 %seed, ptr %d2, ptr %id)\n")
   emith("  %r = load i32, ptr %id\n  ret i32 %r\n}\n")
 }

selfhost/backend/stdlib/emit_os.ludic

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 #   Os.set_env(name, val)  -> bool       set it (true on success)
 #   Os.unset_env(name)     -> bool       remove it (true on success)
 #   Os.exit(code)                        terminate the process with a status code
+#   Os.pid()               -> int        this process's id (unique among live processes)
 #   Os.platform()          -> string     "macos" | "linux" | ...(raw uname sysname)
 #   Os.arch()              -> string     machine arch, e.g. "arm64" | "x86_64"
 #   Os.stdout_write(s)                   write a string to standard output
@@ -35,15 +36,15 @@ function is_os_ns(meth: pointer) -> bool {
   if (meth == "args") or (meth == "arg_count") or (meth == "arg") { return true }
   if (meth == "env") or (meth == "env_or") or (meth == "has_env") { return true }
   if (meth == "set_env") or (meth == "unset_env") { return true }
-  if (meth == "exit") or (meth == "platform") or (meth == "arch") { return true }
+  if (meth == "exit") or (meth == "pid") or (meth == "platform") or (meth == "arch") { return true }
   if (meth == "stdout_write") or (meth == "stderr_write") { return true }
   if (meth == "save_dir") or (meth == "config_dir") or (meth == "cache_dir") or (meth == "temp_dir") { return true }
   return false
 }
 
 function emit_os_ns(meth: pointer, e: Node) -> Val {
-  # arg_count / arg / exit stay light — they mirror the bare intrinsics and need
-  # no Os runtime prelude, so a program using only these emits no extra IR.
+  # arg_count / arg / exit / pid stay light — they mirror the bare intrinsics and
+  # need no Os runtime prelude, so a program using only these emits no extra IR.
   if (meth == "arg_count") { return val(emit_bind("load i32, ptr @L_argc"), "int") }
   if (meth == "arg") {
     let i = emit_expr(e.kids[0])
@@ -51,6 +52,7 @@ function emit_os_ns(meth: pointer, e: Node) -> Val {
     let q = emit_bind(`getelementptr ptr, ptr {v}, i32 {i.code}`)
     return val(emit_bind(`load ptr, ptr {q}`), "string")
   }
+  if (meth == "pid") { g_uses_pid = true;  return val(emit_bind("call i32 @getpid()"), "int") }
   if (meth == "exit") {
     let n = emit_expr(e.kids[0])
     emit(`  call void @exit(i32 {n.code})\n`)
@@ -79,10 +81,10 @@ function emit_os_ns(meth: pointer, e: Node) -> Val {
   }
   # everything below is served by the Os runtime prelude
   g_uses_osrt = true
-  if (meth == "args") { return val(emit_bind("call ptr @fn_os_args()"), "[]string") }
+  if (meth == "args") { return val(emit_bind("call ptr @lp_os_args()"), "[]string") }
   if (meth == "env_or") {
     let nm = emit_expr(e.kids[0]);  let fb = emit_expr(e.kids[1])
-    return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @fn_os_getenv_or(ptr {nm.code}, ptr {fb.code})`), "string")
+    return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @lp_os_getenv_or(ptr {nm.code}, ptr {fb.code})`), "string")
   }
   if (meth == "set_env") {
     let nm = emit_expr(e.kids[0]);  let v = emit_expr(e.kids[1])
@@ -96,22 +98,22 @@ function emit_os_ns(meth: pointer, e: Node) -> Val {
     let ok = emit_bind(`icmp eq i32 {r}, 0`)
     return val(emit_bind(`zext i1 {ok} to i32`), "bool")
   }
-  if (meth == "platform") { return val(emit_bind("call ptr @fn_os_platform()"), "string") }
-  if (meth == "arch")     { return val(emit_bind("call ptr @fn_os_arch()"), "string") }
+  if (meth == "platform") { return val(emit_bind("call ptr @lp_os_platform()"), "string") }
+  if (meth == "arch")     { return val(emit_bind("call ptr @lp_os_arch()"), "string") }
   if (meth == "save_dir") {
     let a = emit_expr(e.kids[0])
-    return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @fn_os_save_dir(ptr {a.code})`), "string")
+    return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @lp_os_save_dir(ptr {a.code})`), "string")
   }
   if (meth == "config_dir") {
     let a = emit_expr(e.kids[0])
-    return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @fn_os_config_dir(ptr {a.code})`), "string")
+    return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @lp_os_config_dir(ptr {a.code})`), "string")
   }
   if (meth == "cache_dir") {
     let a = emit_expr(e.kids[0])
-    return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @fn_os_cache_dir(ptr {a.code})`), "string")
+    return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @lp_os_cache_dir(ptr {a.code})`), "string")
   }
   # temp_dir
-  return val(emit_bind("call ptr @fn_os_temp_dir()"), "string")
+  return val(emit_bind("call ptr @lp_os_temp_dir()"), "string")
 }
 
 # emit_os_prelude — the Os runtime, emitted once per program that uses the
@@ -135,34 +137,34 @@ function emit_os_prelude() -> void {
   let k_linux   = emit_str_const("linux")
 
   # getenv(name) or a fallback when it is unset
-  emith("define ptr @fn_os_getenv_or(ptr %name, ptr %fb) {\n")
+  emith("define ptr @lp_os_getenv_or(ptr %name, ptr %fb) {\n")
   emith("entry:\n  %r = call ptr @getenv(ptr %name)\n  %z = icmp eq ptr %r, null\n  br i1 %z, label %use, label %got\n")
   emith("use:\n  ret ptr %fb\n")
   emith("got:\n  ret ptr %r\n}\n")
 
   # concatenate two NUL-terminated strings into a fresh malloc'd buffer
-  emith("define ptr @fn_os_join2(ptr %a, ptr %b) {\n")
+  emith("define ptr @lp_os_join2(ptr %a, ptr %b) {\n")
   emith("entry:\n  %la = call i64 @strlen(ptr %a)\n  %lb = call i64 @strlen(ptr %b)\n")
   emith("  %sum = add i64 %la, %lb\n  %tot = add i64 %sum, 1\n  %m = call ptr @malloc(i64 %tot)\n")
   emith("  call ptr @memcpy(ptr %m, ptr %a, i64 %la)\n")
   emith("  %m2 = getelementptr i8, ptr %m, i64 %la\n  call ptr @memcpy(ptr %m2, ptr %b, i64 %lb)\n")
   emith("  %end = getelementptr i8, ptr %m, i64 %sum\n  store i8 0, ptr %end\n  ret ptr %m\n}\n")
 
-  emith("define ptr @fn_os_join3(ptr %a, ptr %b, ptr %c) {\n")
-  emith("entry:\n  %ab = call ptr @fn_os_join2(ptr %a, ptr %b)\n  %r = call ptr @fn_os_join2(ptr %ab, ptr %c)\n  ret ptr %r\n}\n")
+  emith("define ptr @lp_os_join3(ptr %a, ptr %b, ptr %c) {\n")
+  emith("entry:\n  %ab = call ptr @lp_os_join2(ptr %a, ptr %b)\n  %r = call ptr @lp_os_join2(ptr %ab, ptr %c)\n  ret ptr %r\n}\n")
 
   # the user's home directory, or "." when HOME is unset
-  emith(`define ptr @fn_os_home() {{\n  %r = call ptr @fn_os_getenv_or(ptr {k_home}, ptr {k_dot})\n  ret ptr %r\n}}\n`)
+  emith(`define ptr @lp_os_home() {{\n  %r = call ptr @lp_os_getenv_or(ptr {k_home}, ptr {k_dot})\n  ret ptr %r\n}}\n`)
 
   # per-user known folders (macOS/BSD layout)
-  emith(`define ptr @fn_os_save_dir(ptr %app) {{\n  %h = call ptr @fn_os_home()\n  %r = call ptr @fn_os_join3(ptr %h, ptr {k_appsp}, ptr %app)\n  ret ptr %r\n}}\n`)
-  emith(`define ptr @fn_os_config_dir(ptr %app) {{\n  %h = call ptr @fn_os_home()\n  %r = call ptr @fn_os_join3(ptr %h, ptr {k_appsp}, ptr %app)\n  ret ptr %r\n}}\n`)
-  emith(`define ptr @fn_os_cache_dir(ptr %app) {{\n  %h = call ptr @fn_os_home()\n  %r = call ptr @fn_os_join3(ptr %h, ptr {k_cache}, ptr %app)\n  ret ptr %r\n}}\n`)
-  emith(`define ptr @fn_os_temp_dir() {{\n  %r = call ptr @fn_os_getenv_or(ptr {k_tmpk}, ptr {k_tmp})\n  ret ptr %r\n}}\n`)
+  emith(`define ptr @lp_os_save_dir(ptr %app) {{\n  %h = call ptr @lp_os_home()\n  %r = call ptr @lp_os_join3(ptr %h, ptr {k_appsp}, ptr %app)\n  ret ptr %r\n}}\n`)
+  emith(`define ptr @lp_os_config_dir(ptr %app) {{\n  %h = call ptr @lp_os_home()\n  %r = call ptr @lp_os_join3(ptr %h, ptr {k_appsp}, ptr %app)\n  ret ptr %r\n}}\n`)
+  emith(`define ptr @lp_os_cache_dir(ptr %app) {{\n  %h = call ptr @lp_os_home()\n  %r = call ptr @lp_os_join3(ptr %h, ptr {k_cache}, ptr %app)\n  ret ptr %r\n}}\n`)
+  emith(`define ptr @lp_os_temp_dir() {{\n  %r = call ptr @lp_os_getenv_or(ptr {k_tmpk}, ptr {k_tmp})\n  ret ptr %r\n}}\n`)
 
   # Os.args() -> a %LSlice of the argv strings (data = argv, len = cap = argc), a
   # snapshot the caller may iterate or index like any other []string.
-  emith("define ptr @fn_os_args() {\n")
+  emith("define ptr @lp_os_args() {\n")
   emith("entry:\n  %c = load i32, ptr @L_argc\n  %v = load ptr, ptr @L_argv\n")
   emith("  %h = call ptr @malloc(i64 16)\n")
   emith("  %d0 = getelementptr inbounds %LSlice, ptr %h, i32 0, i32 0\n  store ptr %v, ptr %d0\n")
@@ -171,7 +173,7 @@ function emit_os_prelude() -> void {
   emith("  ret ptr %h\n}\n")
 
   # platform(): uname sysname (field 0, portable) mapped to a short id
-  emith("define ptr @fn_os_platform() {\n")
+  emith("define ptr @lp_os_platform() {\n")
   emith("entry:\n  %buf = call ptr @malloc(i64 8192)\n  call i32 @uname(ptr %buf)\n")
   emith(`  %cd = call i32 @strncmp(ptr %buf, ptr {k_darw}, i64 6)\n  %isd = icmp eq i32 %cd, 0\n  br i1 %isd, label %mac, label %chkl\n`)
   emith(`mac:\n  ret ptr {k_macos}\n`)
@@ -182,7 +184,7 @@ function emit_os_prelude() -> void {
   # arch(): the uname `machine` field. On macOS/BSD utsname each field is 256
   # bytes, so `machine` (index 4) sits at offset 1024. Documented BSD-layout
   # assumption (see the header note); other layouts are a follow-up.
-  emith("define ptr @fn_os_arch() {\n")
+  emith("define ptr @lp_os_arch() {\n")
   emith("entry:\n  %buf = call ptr @malloc(i64 8192)\n  call i32 @uname(ptr %buf)\n")
   emith("  %m = getelementptr i8, ptr %buf, i64 1024\n  ret ptr %m\n}\n")
 }

selfhost/backend/stdlib/emit_text.ludic

@@ -18,22 +18,22 @@ function emit_text_ns(meth: pointer, e: Node) -> Val {
   if (meth == "from_int") {                          # int -> string, same as string(n)
     let n = emit_expr(e.kids[0])
     g_uses_intstr = true
-    return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @fn_int_str(i32 {n.code})`), "string")
+    return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @lp_int_str(i32 {n.code})`), "string")
   }
   if (meth == "slice") {                             # s[a..b], same substring helper
     let s0 = emit_expr(e.kids[0]);  let a = emit_expr(e.kids[1]);  let b = emit_expr(e.kids[2])
     g_uses_strslice = true
-    return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @fn_str_slice(ptr {s0.code}, i32 {a.code}, i32 {b.code})`), "string")
+    return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @lp_str_slice(ptr {s0.code}, i32 {a.code}, i32 {b.code})`), "string")
   }
   if (meth == "equals") {                            # byte-wise equality, same as ==
     let a = emit_expr(e.kids[0]);  let b = emit_expr(e.kids[1])
     g_uses_str = true
-    return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_str_eq(ptr {a.code}, ptr {b.code})`), "bool")
+    return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @lp_str_eq(ptr {a.code}, ptr {b.code})`), "bool")
   }
   if (meth == "concat") {                            # a + b, same as the + operator
     let a = emit_expr(e.kids[0]);  let b = emit_expr(e.kids[1])
     g_uses_str = true
-    return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @fn_str_concat(ptr {a.code}, ptr {b.code})`), "string")
+    return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @lp_str_concat(ptr {a.code}, ptr {b.code})`), "string")
   }
 
   let s = emit_expr(e.kids[0])
@@ -52,45 +52,45 @@ function emit_text_ns(meth: pointer, e: Node) -> Val {
   }
   if (meth == "upper") {                             # ASCII a-z -> A-Z, fresh string
     g_uses_textrt = true
-    return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @fn_str_upper(ptr {s.code})`), "string")
+    return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @lp_str_upper(ptr {s.code})`), "string")
   }
   if (meth == "lower") {                             # ASCII A-Z -> a-z, fresh string
     g_uses_textrt = true
-    return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @fn_str_lower(ptr {s.code})`), "string")
+    return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @lp_str_lower(ptr {s.code})`), "string")
   }
   if (meth == "trim") {                              # drop leading/trailing whitespace
     g_uses_textrt = true
-    return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @fn_str_trim(ptr {s.code})`), "string")
+    return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @lp_str_trim(ptr {s.code})`), "string")
   }
   if (meth == "repeat") {                            # s repeated n times
     g_uses_textrt = true
     let n = emit_expr(e.kids[1])
-    return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @fn_str_repeat(ptr {s.code}, i32 {n.code})`), "string")
+    return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @lp_str_repeat(ptr {s.code}, i32 {n.code})`), "string")
   }
   if (meth == "pad_left") {                          # pad with spaces to width, on the left
     g_uses_textrt = true
     let w = emit_expr(e.kids[1])
-    return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @fn_str_pad(ptr {s.code}, i32 {w.code}, i1 1)`), "string")
+    return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @lp_str_pad(ptr {s.code}, i32 {w.code}, i1 1)`), "string")
   }
   if (meth == "pad_right") {                         # pad with spaces to width, on the right
     g_uses_textrt = true
     let w = emit_expr(e.kids[1])
-    return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @fn_str_pad(ptr {s.code}, i32 {w.code}, i1 0)`), "string")
+    return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @lp_str_pad(ptr {s.code}, i32 {w.code}, i1 0)`), "string")
   }
   if (meth == "replace") {                           # replace every `from` with `to`
     g_uses_textrt2 = true
     let from = emit_expr(e.kids[1]);  let to = emit_expr(e.kids[2])
-    return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @fn_str_replace(ptr {s.code}, ptr {from.code}, ptr {to.code})`), "string")
+    return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @lp_str_replace(ptr {s.code}, ptr {from.code}, ptr {to.code})`), "string")
   }
   if (meth == "split") {                             # split on a separator -> []string
     g_uses_textrt2 = true
     let sep = emit_expr(e.kids[1])
-    return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @fn_str_split(ptr {s.code}, ptr {sep.code})`), "[]string")
+    return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @lp_str_split(ptr {s.code}, ptr {sep.code})`), "[]string")
   }
   if (meth == "join") {                              # join a []string with a separator (s is the slice)
     g_uses_textrt2 = true
     let sep = emit_expr(e.kids[1])
-    return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @fn_str_join(ptr {s.code}, ptr {sep.code})`), "string")
+    return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @lp_str_join(ptr {s.code}, ptr {sep.code})`), "string")
   }
   if (meth == "contains") or (meth == "index_of") {  # substring search
     let sub = emit_expr(e.kids[1])
@@ -134,4 +134,3 @@ function emit_text_ns(meth: pointer, e: Node) -> Val {
   emit(en);  emit(":\n")
   return val(emit_bind(`load i32, ptr {res}`), "bool")
 }
-

selfhost/backend/stdlib/emit_text_prelude.ludic

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 # repeat/pad. Emitted once per program that uses them (g_uses_textrt). Plain
 # libc (strlen/malloc/memcpy), deterministic, C-string in and out.
 function emit_text_prelude() -> void {
-  emith("define ptr @fn_str_upper(ptr %s) {\n")
+  emith("define ptr @lp_str_upper(ptr %s) {\n")
   emith("entry:\n")
   emith("  %n = call i64 @strlen(ptr %s)\n")
   emith("  %sz = add i64 %n, 1\n")
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ function emit_text_prelude() -> void {
   emith("  store i8 0, ptr %tp\n")
   emith("  ret ptr %out\n")
   emith("}\n")
-  emith("define ptr @fn_str_lower(ptr %s) {\n")
+  emith("define ptr @lp_str_lower(ptr %s) {\n")
   emith("entry:\n")
   emith("  %n = call i64 @strlen(ptr %s)\n")
   emith("  %sz = add i64 %n, 1\n")
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ function emit_text_prelude() -> void {
   emith("  store i8 0, ptr %tp\n")
   emith("  ret ptr %out\n")
   emith("}\n")
-  emith("define ptr @fn_str_trim(ptr %s) {\n")
+  emith("define ptr @lp_str_trim(ptr %s) {\n")
   emith("entry:\n")
   emith("  %n = call i64 @strlen(ptr %s)\n")
   emith("  %sp = alloca i64\n")
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ function emit_text_prelude() -> void {
   emith("lchk:\n")
   emith("  %p0 = getelementptr i8, ptr %s, i64 %a0\n")
   emith("  %c0 = load i8, ptr %p0\n")
-  emith("  %ws0 = call i1 @fn_is_ws(i8 %c0)\n")
+  emith("  %ws0 = call i1 @lp_is_ws(i8 %c0)\n")
   emith("  br i1 %ws0, label %linc, label %rcond\n")
   emith("linc:\n")
   emith("  %a1 = add i64 %a0, 1\n")
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ function emit_text_prelude() -> void {
   emith("  %em1 = sub i64 %e2, 1\n")
   emith("  %p1 = getelementptr i8, ptr %s, i64 %em1\n")
   emith("  %c1 = load i8, ptr %p1\n")
-  emith("  %ws1 = call i1 @fn_is_ws(i8 %c1)\n")
+  emith("  %ws1 = call i1 @lp_is_ws(i8 %c1)\n")
   emith("  br i1 %ws1, label %rdec, label %build\n")
   emith("rdec:\n")
   emith("  store i64 %em1, ptr %ep\n")
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ function emit_text_prelude() -> void {
   emith("  store i8 0, ptr %tp\n")
   emith("  ret ptr %out\n")
   emith("}\n")
-  emith("define i1 @fn_is_ws(i8 %c) {\n")
+  emith("define i1 @lp_is_ws(i8 %c) {\n")
   emith("  %a = icmp eq i8 %c, 32\n")
   emith("  %b = icmp eq i8 %c, 9\n")
   emith("  %d = icmp eq i8 %c, 10\n")
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ function emit_text_prelude() -> void {
   emith("  %r = or i1 %ab, %de\n")
   emith("  ret i1 %r\n")
   emith("}\n")
-  emith("define ptr @fn_str_repeat(ptr %s, i32 %n32) {\n")
+  emith("define ptr @lp_str_repeat(ptr %s, i32 %n32) {\n")
   emith("entry:\n")
   emith("  %nneg = icmp slt i32 %n32, 0\n")
   emith("  %nn = select i1 %nneg, i32 0, i32 %n32\n")
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ function emit_text_prelude() -> void {
   emith("  store i8 0, ptr %tp\n")
   emith("  ret ptr %out\n")
   emith("}\n")
-  emith("define ptr @fn_str_pad(ptr %s, i32 %w32, i1 %left) {\n")
+  emith("define ptr @lp_str_pad(ptr %s, i32 %w32, i1 %left) {\n")
   emith("entry:\n")
   emith("  %L = call i64 @strlen(ptr %s)\n")
   emith("  %w0 = sext i32 %w32 to i64\n")
@@ -169,20 +169,20 @@ function emit_text_prelude() -> void {
   emith("  %out = call ptr @malloc(i64 %sz)\n")
   emith("  br i1 %left, label %padleft, label %padright\n")
   emith("padleft:\n")
-  emith("  call void @fn_fill_sp(ptr %out, i64 0, i64 %pad)\n")
+  emith("  call void @lp_fill_sp(ptr %out, i64 0, i64 %pad)\n")
   emith("  %dstL = getelementptr i8, ptr %out, i64 %pad\n")
   emith("  call ptr @memcpy(ptr %dstL, ptr %s, i64 %L)\n")
   emith("  br label %term\n")
   emith("padright:\n")
   emith("  call ptr @memcpy(ptr %out, ptr %s, i64 %L)\n")
-  emith("  call void @fn_fill_sp(ptr %out, i64 %L, i64 %pad)\n")
+  emith("  call void @lp_fill_sp(ptr %out, i64 %L, i64 %pad)\n")
   emith("  br label %term\n")
   emith("term:\n")
   emith("  %tp = getelementptr i8, ptr %out, i64 %w0\n")
   emith("  store i8 0, ptr %tp\n")
   emith("  ret ptr %out\n")
   emith("}\n")
-  emith("define void @fn_fill_sp(ptr %buf, i64 %start, i64 %count) {\n")
+  emith("define void @lp_fill_sp(ptr %buf, i64 %start, i64 %count) {\n")
   emith("entry:\n")
   emith("  %ip = alloca i64\n")
   emith("  store i64 0, ptr %ip\n")
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ function emit_text_prelude() -> void {
 # program that uses them (g_uses_textrt2). Slices are the {data,len,cap}
 # %LSlice with str (ptr) elements.
 function emit_text2_prelude() -> void {
-  emith("define ptr @fn_str_replace(ptr %s, ptr %from, ptr %to) {\n")
+  emith("define ptr @lp_str_replace(ptr %s, ptr %from, ptr %to) {\n")
   emith("entry:\n")
   emith("  %lf = call i64 @strlen(ptr %from)\n")
   emith("  %lz = icmp eq i64 %lf, 0\n")
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ function emit_text2_prelude() -> void {
   emith("  call ptr @memcpy(ptr %dst3, ptr %src3, i64 %remp1)\n")
   emith("  ret ptr %out\n")
   emith("}\n")
-  emith("define ptr @fn_str_join(ptr %h, ptr %sep) {\n")
+  emith("define ptr @lp_str_join(ptr %h, ptr %sep) {\n")
   emith("entry:\n")
   emith("  %lp = getelementptr inbounds %LSlice, ptr %h, i32 0, i32 1\n")
   emith("  %len32 = load i32, ptr %lp\n")
@@ -347,7 +347,7 @@ function emit_text2_prelude() -> void {
   emith("  store i8 0, ptr %dsf\n")
   emith("  ret ptr %out\n")
   emith("}\n")
-  emith("define ptr @fn_str_split(ptr %s, ptr %sep) {\n")
+  emith("define ptr @lp_str_split(ptr %s, ptr %sep) {\n")
   emith("entry:\n")
   emith("  %lsep = call i64 @strlen(ptr %sep)\n")
   emith("  %cntp = alloca i64\n")

selfhost/backend/stdlib/emit_unicode.ludic

@@ -43,35 +43,35 @@ function emit_unicode_ns(meth: pointer, e: Node) -> Val {
   }
   if (meth == "len") {
     let s = emit_expr(e.kids[0])
-    return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_uni_len(ptr {s.code})`), "int")
+    return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @lp_uni_len(ptr {s.code})`), "int")
   }
   if (meth == "is_valid_utf8") {
     let s = emit_expr(e.kids[0])
-    return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_uni_valid(ptr {s.code})`), "bool")
+    return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @lp_uni_valid(ptr {s.code})`), "bool")
   }
   if (meth == "char_at") {
     let s = emit_expr(e.kids[0]);  let i = emit_expr(e.kids[1])
-    return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_uni_char_at(ptr {s.code}, i32 {i.code})`), "int")
+    return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @lp_uni_char_at(ptr {s.code}, i32 {i.code})`), "int")
   }
   if (meth == "chars") {
     let s = emit_expr(e.kids[0])
-    return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @fn_uni_chars(ptr {s.code})`), "[]int")
+    return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @lp_uni_chars(ptr {s.code})`), "[]int")
   }
   if (meth == "upper") {
     let s = emit_expr(e.kids[0])
-    return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @fn_uni_case(ptr {s.code}, i32 1)`), "string")
+    return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @lp_uni_case(ptr {s.code}, i32 1)`), "string")
   }
   if (meth == "lower") {
     let s = emit_expr(e.kids[0])
-    return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @fn_uni_case(ptr {s.code}, i32 0)`), "string")
+    return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @lp_uni_case(ptr {s.code}, i32 0)`), "string")
   }
   if (meth == "truncate") {
     let s = emit_expr(e.kids[0]);  let n = emit_expr(e.kids[1])
-    return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @fn_uni_truncate(ptr {s.code}, i32 {n.code})`), "string")
+    return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @lp_uni_truncate(ptr {s.code}, i32 {n.code})`), "string")
   }
   # grapheme_len
   let s = emit_expr(e.kids[0])
-  return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_uni_grapheme_len(ptr {s.code})`), "int")
+  return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @lp_uni_grapheme_len(ptr {s.code})`), "int")
 }
 
 # emit_unicode_prelude — the UTF-8 runtime, emitted once per program that uses
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ function emit_uni_core() -> void {
   # code-point count: every byte that is NOT a UTF-8 continuation byte
   # (0b10xxxxxx) begins a new code point. Walks byte-by-byte, so it is safe on
   # truncated/invalid input and stops exactly at the NUL.
-  emith("define i32 @fn_uni_len(ptr %s) {\n")
+  emith("define i32 @lp_uni_len(ptr %s) {\n")
   emith("entry:\n  %ip = alloca i32\n  %np = alloca i32\n  store i32 0, ptr %ip\n  store i32 0, ptr %np\n  br label %lp\n")
   emith("lp:\n  %i = load i32, ptr %ip\n  %p = getelementptr i8, ptr %s, i32 %i\n  %b = load i8, ptr %p\n  %c = zext i8 %b to i32\n")
   emith("  %z = icmp eq i32 %c, 0\n  br i1 %z, label %done, label %go\n")
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ function emit_uni_core() -> void {
   # offset just past it. Lenient and overrun-safe: a truncated multibyte sequence
   # (a continuation byte that is NUL) or an invalid lead byte decodes as a single
   # byte, so the walk always makes progress and never reads past the terminator.
-  emith("define i32 @fn_uni_decode(ptr %s, i32 %i, ptr %cpout) {\n")
+  emith("define i32 @lp_uni_decode(ptr %s, i32 %i, ptr %cpout) {\n")
   emith("entry:\n  %p0 = getelementptr i8, ptr %s, i32 %i\n  %b0 = load i8, ptr %p0\n  %c0 = zext i8 %b0 to i32\n")
   emith("  %a1 = icmp ult i32 %c0, 128\n  br i1 %a1, label %one, label %multi\n")
   emith("one:\n  store i32 %c0, ptr %cpout\n  %oi = add i32 %i, 1\n  ret i32 %oi\n")
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ function emit_uni_core() -> void {
 
   # strict UTF-8 validation: correct continuation bytes, no overlong encodings,
   # no surrogates (U+D800..U+DFFF), and nothing above U+10FFFF. Returns 1/0.
-  emith("define i32 @fn_uni_valid(ptr %s) {\n")
+  emith("define i32 @lp_uni_valid(ptr %s) {\n")
   emith("entry:\n  %ip = alloca i32\n  store i32 0, ptr %ip\n  br label %lp\n")
   emith("lp:\n  %i = load i32, ptr %ip\n  %p = getelementptr i8, ptr %s, i32 %i\n  %b = load i8, ptr %p\n  %c = zext i8 %b to i32\n")
   emith("  %z = icmp eq i32 %c, 0\n  br i1 %z, label %good, label %g\n")
@@ -180,26 +180,26 @@ function emit_uni_core() -> void {
 function emit_uni_case_fns() -> void {
   # uppercase one code point: ASCII a-z and Latin-1 a-with-diacritic .. thorn
   # (0xE0..0xFE except 0xF7). Other code points pass through unchanged (v1).
-  emith("define i32 @fn_uni_upcp(i32 %c) {\n")
+  emith("define i32 @lp_uni_upcp(i32 %c) {\n")
   emith("  %la = icmp uge i32 %c, 97\n  %lb = icmp ule i32 %c, 122\n  %asc = and i1 %la, %lb\n")
   emith("  %da = icmp uge i32 %c, 224\n  %db = icmp ule i32 %c, 254\n  %dd = icmp ne i32 %c, 247\n  %d1 = and i1 %da, %db\n  %d2 = and i1 %d1, %dd\n")
   emith("  %map = or i1 %asc, %d2\n  %up = sub i32 %c, 32\n  %r = select i1 %map, i32 %up, i32 %c\n  ret i32 %r\n}\n")
 
   # lowercase one code point: ASCII A-Z and Latin-1 A-with-diacritic .. Thorn
   # (0xC0..0xDE except 0xD7). Other code points pass through unchanged (v1).
-  emith("define i32 @fn_uni_locp(i32 %c) {\n")
+  emith("define i32 @lp_uni_locp(i32 %c) {\n")
   emith("  %ua = icmp uge i32 %c, 65\n  %ub = icmp ule i32 %c, 90\n  %asc = and i1 %ua, %ub\n")
   emith("  %da = icmp uge i32 %c, 192\n  %db = icmp ule i32 %c, 222\n  %dd = icmp ne i32 %c, 215\n  %d1 = and i1 %da, %db\n  %d2 = and i1 %d1, %dd\n")
   emith("  %map = or i1 %asc, %d2\n  %lo = add i32 %c, 32\n  %r = select i1 %map, i32 %lo, i32 %c\n  ret i32 %r\n}\n")
 
   # UTF-8 byte width needed to encode a code point
-  emith("define i32 @fn_uni_cpwidth(i32 %cp) {\n")
+  emith("define i32 @lp_uni_cpwidth(i32 %cp) {\n")
   emith("  %a = icmp ult i32 %cp, 128\n  %b = icmp ult i32 %cp, 2048\n  %c = icmp ult i32 %cp, 65536\n")
   emith("  %w34 = select i1 %c, i32 3, i32 4\n  %w234 = select i1 %b, i32 2, i32 %w34\n  %w = select i1 %a, i32 1, i32 %w234\n  ret i32 %w\n}\n")
 
   # encode a code point into %dst at byte offset %off; return the new offset
-  emith("define i32 @fn_uni_encode(ptr %dst, i32 %off, i32 %cp) {\n")
-  emith("entry:\n  %w = call i32 @fn_uni_cpwidth(i32 %cp)\n  %is1 = icmp eq i32 %w, 1\n  br i1 %is1, label %e1, label %k2\n")
+  emith("define i32 @lp_uni_encode(ptr %dst, i32 %off, i32 %cp) {\n")
+  emith("entry:\n  %w = call i32 @lp_uni_cpwidth(i32 %cp)\n  %is1 = icmp eq i32 %w, 1\n  br i1 %is1, label %e1, label %k2\n")
   emith("e1:\n  %d0 = getelementptr i8, ptr %dst, i32 %off\n  %b0 = trunc i32 %cp to i8\n  store i8 %b0, ptr %d0\n  %o1 = add i32 %off, 1\n  ret i32 %o1\n")
   emith("k2:\n  %is2 = icmp eq i32 %w, 2\n  br i1 %is2, label %e2, label %k3\n")
   emith("e2:\n  %hi2 = lshr i32 %cp, 6\n  %by0 = or i32 %hi2, 192\n  %lo2 = and i32 %cp, 63\n  %by1 = or i32 %lo2, 128\n")
@@ -220,35 +220,35 @@ function emit_uni_case_fns() -> void {
   # is this code point a grapheme "extend" (a combining mark or variation
   # selector that joins the preceding base)? An approximation of the common
   # ranges; ZWJ and regional indicators are handled by grapheme_len itself.
-  emith("define i32 @fn_uni_is_extend(i32 %c) {\n")
-  emith("  %r1 = call i32 @fn_uni_inrange(i32 %c, i32 768, i32 879)\n")       # 0300-036F combining diacritics
-  emith("  %r2 = call i32 @fn_uni_inrange(i32 %c, i32 6832, i32 6911)\n")     # 1AB0-1AFF
-  emith("  %r3 = call i32 @fn_uni_inrange(i32 %c, i32 7616, i32 7679)\n")     # 1DC0-1DFF
-  emith("  %r4 = call i32 @fn_uni_inrange(i32 %c, i32 8400, i32 8447)\n")     # 20D0-20FF
-  emith("  %r5 = call i32 @fn_uni_inrange(i32 %c, i32 65056, i32 65071)\n")   # FE20-FE2F
-  emith("  %r6 = call i32 @fn_uni_inrange(i32 %c, i32 65024, i32 65039)\n")   # FE00-FE0F variation selectors
-  emith("  %r7 = call i32 @fn_uni_inrange(i32 %c, i32 917760, i32 917999)\n") # E0100-E01EF
+  emith("define i32 @lp_uni_is_extend(i32 %c) {\n")
+  emith("  %r1 = call i32 @lp_uni_inrange(i32 %c, i32 768, i32 879)\n")       # 0300-036F combining diacritics
+  emith("  %r2 = call i32 @lp_uni_inrange(i32 %c, i32 6832, i32 6911)\n")     # 1AB0-1AFF
+  emith("  %r3 = call i32 @lp_uni_inrange(i32 %c, i32 7616, i32 7679)\n")     # 1DC0-1DFF
+  emith("  %r4 = call i32 @lp_uni_inrange(i32 %c, i32 8400, i32 8447)\n")     # 20D0-20FF
+  emith("  %r5 = call i32 @lp_uni_inrange(i32 %c, i32 65056, i32 65071)\n")   # FE20-FE2F
+  emith("  %r6 = call i32 @lp_uni_inrange(i32 %c, i32 65024, i32 65039)\n")   # FE00-FE0F variation selectors
+  emith("  %r7 = call i32 @lp_uni_inrange(i32 %c, i32 917760, i32 917999)\n")  # E0100-E01EF
   emith("  %o1 = or i32 %r1, %r2\n  %o2 = or i32 %o1, %r3\n  %o3 = or i32 %o2, %r4\n  %o4 = or i32 %o3, %r5\n  %o5 = or i32 %o4, %r6\n  %o6 = or i32 %o5, %r7\n  ret i32 %o6\n}\n")
 
-  emith("define i32 @fn_uni_inrange(i32 %c, i32 %lo, i32 %hi) {\n")
+  emith("define i32 @lp_uni_inrange(i32 %c, i32 %lo, i32 %hi) {\n")
   emith("  %a = icmp uge i32 %c, %lo\n  %b = icmp ule i32 %c, %hi\n  %x = and i1 %a, %b\n  %r = zext i1 %x to i32\n  ret i32 %r\n}\n")
 }
 
 # ---- code-point access + string builders -----------------------------------
 function emit_uni_str_fns() -> void {
   # the idx-th code point, or -1 when idx is past the end
-  emith("define i32 @fn_uni_char_at(ptr %s, i32 %idx) {\n")
+  emith("define i32 @lp_uni_char_at(ptr %s, i32 %idx) {\n")
   emith("entry:\n  %ip = alloca i32\n  %kp = alloca i32\n  %cp = alloca i32\n  store i32 0, ptr %ip\n  store i32 0, ptr %kp\n  br label %lp\n")
   emith("lp:\n  %i = load i32, ptr %ip\n  %p = getelementptr i8, ptr %s, i32 %i\n  %b = load i8, ptr %p\n  %c = zext i8 %b to i32\n")
   emith("  %z = icmp eq i32 %c, 0\n  br i1 %z, label %none, label %go\n")
-  emith("go:\n  %ni = call i32 @fn_uni_decode(ptr %s, i32 %i, ptr %cp)\n  %k = load i32, ptr %kp\n  %hit = icmp eq i32 %k, %idx\n  br i1 %hit, label %found, label %next\n")
+  emith("go:\n  %ni = call i32 @lp_uni_decode(ptr %s, i32 %i, ptr %cp)\n  %k = load i32, ptr %kp\n  %hit = icmp eq i32 %k, %idx\n  br i1 %hit, label %found, label %next\n")
   emith("found:\n  %v = load i32, ptr %cp\n  ret i32 %v\n")
   emith("next:\n  %k1 = add i32 %k, 1\n  store i32 %k1, ptr %kp\n  store i32 %ni, ptr %ip\n  br label %lp\n")
   emith("none:\n  ret i32 -1\n}\n")
 
   # chars(s) -> []int : a fresh %LSlice of every code point, in order
-  emith("define ptr @fn_uni_chars(ptr %s) {\n")
-  emith("entry:\n  %n = call i32 @fn_uni_len(ptr %s)\n  %h = call ptr @malloc(i64 16)\n")
+  emith("define ptr @lp_uni_chars(ptr %s) {\n")
+  emith("entry:\n  %n = call i32 @lp_uni_len(ptr %s)\n  %h = call ptr @malloc(i64 16)\n")
   emith("  %nz = zext i32 %n to i64\n  %bytes = mul i64 %nz, 4\n  %data = call ptr @malloc(i64 %bytes)\n")
   emith("  %d0 = getelementptr inbounds %LSlice, ptr %h, i32 0, i32 0\n  store ptr %data, ptr %d0\n")
   emith("  %d1 = getelementptr inbounds %LSlice, ptr %h, i32 0, i32 1\n  store i32 %n, ptr %d1\n")
@@ -256,31 +256,31 @@ function emit_uni_str_fns() -> void {
   emith("  %ip = alloca i32\n  %kp = alloca i32\n  %cp = alloca i32\n  store i32 0, ptr %ip\n  store i32 0, ptr %kp\n  br label %lp\n")
   emith("lp:\n  %i = load i32, ptr %ip\n  %p = getelementptr i8, ptr %s, i32 %i\n  %b = load i8, ptr %p\n  %c = zext i8 %b to i32\n")
   emith("  %z = icmp eq i32 %c, 0\n  br i1 %z, label %done, label %go\n")
-  emith("go:\n  %ni = call i32 @fn_uni_decode(ptr %s, i32 %i, ptr %cp)\n  %v = load i32, ptr %cp\n  %k = load i32, ptr %kp\n")
+  emith("go:\n  %ni = call i32 @lp_uni_decode(ptr %s, i32 %i, ptr %cp)\n  %v = load i32, ptr %cp\n  %k = load i32, ptr %kp\n")
   emith("  %slot = getelementptr i32, ptr %data, i32 %k\n  store i32 %v, ptr %slot\n  %k1 = add i32 %k, 1\n  store i32 %k1, ptr %kp\n  store i32 %ni, ptr %ip\n  br label %lp\n")
   emith("done:\n  ret ptr %h\n}\n")
 
   # case map the whole string. %up != 0 -> uppercase, else lowercase. Decodes,
   # maps each code point, and re-encodes into a fresh buffer (worst case 4 bytes
   # per code point, though ASCII/Latin-1 mapping preserves byte length).
-  emith("define ptr @fn_uni_case(ptr %s, i32 %up) {\n")
+  emith("define ptr @lp_uni_case(ptr %s, i32 %up) {\n")
   emith("entry:\n  %bl = call i64 @strlen(ptr %s)\n  %cap0 = mul i64 %bl, 4\n  %cap = add i64 %cap0, 4\n  %out = call ptr @malloc(i64 %cap)\n")
   emith("  %ip = alloca i32\n  %op = alloca i32\n  %cp = alloca i32\n  store i32 0, ptr %ip\n  store i32 0, ptr %op\n  br label %lp\n")
   emith("lp:\n  %i = load i32, ptr %ip\n  %p = getelementptr i8, ptr %s, i32 %i\n  %b = load i8, ptr %p\n  %c = zext i8 %b to i32\n")
   emith("  %z = icmp eq i32 %c, 0\n  br i1 %z, label %done, label %go\n")
-  emith("go:\n  %ni = call i32 @fn_uni_decode(ptr %s, i32 %i, ptr %cp)\n  %v = load i32, ptr %cp\n")
-  emith("  %mu = call i32 @fn_uni_upcp(i32 %v)\n  %ml = call i32 @fn_uni_locp(i32 %v)\n  %isup = icmp ne i32 %up, 0\n  %m = select i1 %isup, i32 %mu, i32 %ml\n")
-  emith("  %o = load i32, ptr %op\n  %no = call i32 @fn_uni_encode(ptr %out, i32 %o, i32 %m)\n  store i32 %no, ptr %op\n  store i32 %ni, ptr %ip\n  br label %lp\n")
+  emith("go:\n  %ni = call i32 @lp_uni_decode(ptr %s, i32 %i, ptr %cp)\n  %v = load i32, ptr %cp\n")
+  emith("  %mu = call i32 @lp_uni_upcp(i32 %v)\n  %ml = call i32 @lp_uni_locp(i32 %v)\n  %isup = icmp ne i32 %up, 0\n  %m = select i1 %isup, i32 %mu, i32 %ml\n")
+  emith("  %o = load i32, ptr %op\n  %no = call i32 @lp_uni_encode(ptr %out, i32 %o, i32 %m)\n  store i32 %no, ptr %op\n  store i32 %ni, ptr %ip\n  br label %lp\n")
   emith("done:\n  %fo = load i32, ptr %op\n  %endp = getelementptr i8, ptr %out, i32 %fo\n  store i8 0, ptr %endp\n  ret ptr %out\n}\n")
 
   # truncate(s, n) -> the first n code points as a fresh string (never splits a
   # multibyte character). n <= 0 yields the empty string.
-  emith("define ptr @fn_uni_truncate(ptr %s, i32 %n) {\n")
+  emith("define ptr @lp_uni_truncate(ptr %s, i32 %n) {\n")
   emith("entry:\n  %ip = alloca i32\n  %kp = alloca i32\n  %cp = alloca i32\n  store i32 0, ptr %ip\n  store i32 0, ptr %kp\n  br label %lp\n")
   emith("lp:\n  %k = load i32, ptr %kp\n  %enough = icmp sge i32 %k, %n\n  br i1 %enough, label %cut, label %chk\n")
   emith("chk:\n  %i = load i32, ptr %ip\n  %p = getelementptr i8, ptr %s, i32 %i\n  %b = load i8, ptr %p\n  %c = zext i8 %b to i32\n")
   emith("  %z = icmp eq i32 %c, 0\n  br i1 %z, label %cut, label %go\n")
-  emith("go:\n  %ni = call i32 @fn_uni_decode(ptr %s, i32 %i, ptr %cp)\n  %k1 = add i32 %k, 1\n  store i32 %k1, ptr %kp\n  store i32 %ni, ptr %ip\n  br label %lp\n")
+  emith("go:\n  %ni = call i32 @lp_uni_decode(ptr %s, i32 %i, ptr %cp)\n  %k1 = add i32 %k, 1\n  store i32 %k1, ptr %kp\n  store i32 %ni, ptr %ip\n  br label %lp\n")
   emith("cut:\n  %len = load i32, ptr %ip\n  %lz = zext i32 %len to i64\n  %cap = add i64 %lz, 1\n  %out = call ptr @malloc(i64 %cap)\n  %lz2 = zext i32 %len to i64\n  call ptr @memcpy(ptr %out, ptr %s, i64 %lz2)\n")
   emith("  %endp = getelementptr i8, ptr %out, i32 %len\n  store i8 0, ptr %endp\n  ret ptr %out\n}\n")
 
@@ -292,26 +292,26 @@ function emit_uni_str_fns() -> void {
 # ZWJ emoji sequences count as one); and the second regional indicator of a flag
 # pair. Simple state carried in allocas.
 function emit_uni_grapheme() -> void {
-  emith("define i32 @fn_uni_grapheme_len(ptr %s) {\n")
+  emith("define i32 @lp_uni_grapheme_len(ptr %s) {\n")
   emith("entry:\n  %ip = alloca i32\n  %np = alloca i32\n  %zp = alloca i32\n  %rp = alloca i32\n  %cp = alloca i32\n")
   emith("  store i32 0, ptr %ip\n  store i32 0, ptr %np\n  store i32 0, ptr %zp\n  store i32 0, ptr %rp\n  br label %lp\n")
   emith("lp:\n  %i = load i32, ptr %ip\n  %p = getelementptr i8, ptr %s, i32 %i\n  %b = load i8, ptr %p\n  %c = zext i8 %b to i32\n")
   emith("  %z = icmp eq i32 %c, 0\n  br i1 %z, label %done, label %go\n")
-  emith("go:\n  %ni = call i32 @fn_uni_decode(ptr %s, i32 %i, ptr %cp)\n  %v = load i32, ptr %cp\n  store i32 %ni, ptr %ip\n")
+  emith("go:\n  %ni = call i32 @lp_uni_decode(ptr %s, i32 %i, ptr %cp)\n  %v = load i32, ptr %cp\n  store i32 %ni, ptr %ip\n")
   # ZWJ (U+200D): extends the cluster and arms the join for the next code point
   emith("  %iszwj = icmp eq i32 %v, 8205\n  br i1 %iszwj, label %zwj, label %notzwj\n")
   emith("zwj:\n  %n0 = load i32, ptr %np\n  %n0z = icmp eq i32 %n0, 0\n  %n0b = zext i1 %n0z to i32\n  %n0n = add i32 %n0, %n0b\n  store i32 %n0n, ptr %np\n")   # leading ZWJ still opens one cluster
   emith("  store i32 1, ptr %zp\n  store i32 0, ptr %rp\n  br label %lp\n")
   emith("notzwj:\n  %n = load i32, ptr %np\n  %first = icmp eq i32 %n, 0\n  br i1 %first, label %open, label %cont\n")
   # first cluster
-  emith("open:\n  store i32 1, ptr %np\n  store i32 0, ptr %zp\n  %ri0 = call i32 @fn_uni_inrange(i32 %v, i32 127462, i32 127487)\n  store i32 %ri0, ptr %rp\n  br label %lp\n")
+  emith("open:\n  store i32 1, ptr %np\n  store i32 0, ptr %zp\n  %ri0 = call i32 @lp_uni_inrange(i32 %v, i32 127462, i32 127487)\n  store i32 %ri0, ptr %rp\n  br label %lp\n")
   emith("cont:\n  %zj = load i32, ptr %zp\n  %afterz = icmp ne i32 %zj, 0\n  br i1 %afterz, label %joinz, label %chkext\n")
   # code point right after a ZWJ joins the current cluster
   emith("joinz:\n  store i32 0, ptr %zp\n  store i32 0, ptr %rp\n  br label %lp\n")
-  emith("chkext:\n  %ext = call i32 @fn_uni_is_extend(i32 %v)\n  %isext = icmp ne i32 %ext, 0\n  br i1 %isext, label %joinext, label %chkri\n")
+  emith("chkext:\n  %ext = call i32 @lp_uni_is_extend(i32 %v)\n  %isext = icmp ne i32 %ext, 0\n  br i1 %isext, label %joinext, label %chkri\n")
   emith("joinext:\n  store i32 0, ptr %rp\n  br label %lp\n")
   # regional indicator: joins only as the second of a pair
-  emith("chkri:\n  %ri = call i32 @fn_uni_inrange(i32 %v, i32 127462, i32 127487)\n  %isri = icmp ne i32 %ri, 0\n  %ropen = load i32, ptr %rp\n  %ropenb = icmp ne i32 %ropen, 0\n  %pair = and i1 %isri, %ropenb\n  br i1 %pair, label %joinri, label %newcl\n")
+  emith("chkri:\n  %ri = call i32 @lp_uni_inrange(i32 %v, i32 127462, i32 127487)\n  %isri = icmp ne i32 %ri, 0\n  %ropen = load i32, ptr %rp\n  %ropenb = icmp ne i32 %ropen, 0\n  %pair = and i1 %isri, %ropenb\n  br i1 %pair, label %joinri, label %newcl\n")
   emith("joinri:\n  store i32 0, ptr %rp\n  br label %lp\n")
   emith("newcl:\n  %nn = load i32, ptr %np\n  %nn1 = add i32 %nn, 1\n  store i32 %nn1, ptr %np\n  store i32 0, ptr %zp\n  %riset = select i1 %isri, i32 1, i32 0\n  store i32 %riset, ptr %rp\n  br label %lp\n")
   emith("done:\n  %r = load i32, ptr %np\n  ret i32 %r\n}\n")

selfhost/backend/stdlib/emit_uuid.ludic

@@ -37,17 +37,17 @@ function emit_uuid_ns(meth: pointer, e: Node) -> Val {
   g_uses_cryptort = true
   g_uses_uuidrt = true
   if (meth == "new") or (meth == "v4") {            # v4: 122 random bits
-    return val(emit_bind("call ptr @fn_uuid_v4()"), "string")
+    return val(emit_bind("call ptr @lp_uuid_v4()"), "string")
   }
   if (meth == "new_v7") or (meth == "v7") {         # v7: ms timestamp + random
-    return val(emit_bind("call ptr @fn_uuid_v7()"), "string")
+    return val(emit_bind("call ptr @lp_uuid_v7()"), "string")
   }
   if (meth == "nil") {                              # the all-zero UUID
-    return val(emit_bind("call ptr @fn_uuid_nil()"), "string")
+    return val(emit_bind("call ptr @lp_uuid_nil()"), "string")
   }
   if (meth == "is_valid") {                         # well-formed UUID? -> bool
     let s = emit_expr(e.kids[0])
-    return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_uuid_valid(ptr {s.code})`), "bool")
+    return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @lp_uuid_valid(ptr {s.code})`), "bool")
   }
   if (meth == "to_text") {                          # already canonical text: identity
     let s = emit_expr(e.kids[0])
@@ -55,13 +55,13 @@ function emit_uuid_ns(meth: pointer, e: Node) -> Val {
   }
   if (meth == "equals") {                           # case-insensitive equality -> bool
     let a = emit_expr(e.kids[0]);  let b = emit_expr(e.kids[1])
-    return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_uuid_eq(ptr {a.code}, ptr {b.code})`), "bool")
+    return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @lp_uuid_eq(ptr {a.code}, ptr {b.code})`), "bool")
   }
   # parse(s): normalise an untrusted string to a lowercase UUID, or the nil UUID
   # when it is not well-formed. Callers that must reject bad input should gate on
   # Uuid.is_valid(s) first; this never faults on garbage.
   let s = emit_expr(e.kids[0])
-  return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @fn_uuid_parse(ptr {s.code})`), "string")
+  return val(emit_bind(`call ptr @lp_uuid_parse(ptr {s.code})`), "string")
 }
 
 # emit_uuid_prelude — the UUID runtime, emitted once per program that uses Uuid.*
@@ -71,8 +71,8 @@ function emit_uuid_ns(meth: pointer, e: Node) -> Val {
 function emit_uuid_prelude() -> void {
   # 16 raw bytes -> a fresh canonical 36-char string. hex-encode all 16 bytes,
   # then splice the four hyphens between the 8/4/4/4/12 groups.
-  emith("define ptr @fn_uuid_format(ptr %b16) {\n")
-  emith("entry:\n  %hex = call ptr @fn_hex_encode(ptr %b16, i64 16)\n  %out = call ptr @malloc(i64 37)\n")
+  emith("define ptr @lp_uuid_format(ptr %b16) {\n")
+  emith("entry:\n  %hex = call ptr @lp_hex_encode(ptr %b16, i64 16)\n  %out = call ptr @malloc(i64 37)\n")
   emith("  call ptr @memcpy(ptr %out, ptr %hex, i64 8)\n")
   emith("  %o8 = getelementptr i8, ptr %out, i64 8\n  store i8 45, ptr %o8\n")
   emith("  %h8 = getelementptr i8, ptr %hex, i64 8\n  %o9 = getelementptr i8, ptr %out, i64 9\n  call ptr @memcpy(ptr %o9, ptr %h8, i64 4)\n")
@@ -87,18 +87,18 @@ function emit_uuid_prelude() -> void {
 
   # v4: 16 CSPRNG bytes, then set version (0x4x in byte 6) and variant (0b10xx in
   # byte 8). 0x80 does not fit an i8 immediate, so it is written as -128.
-  emith("define ptr @fn_uuid_v4() {\n")
-  emith("entry:\n  %b = alloca [16 x i8]\n  %bp = getelementptr [16 x i8], ptr %b, i64 0, i64 0\n  call void @fn_secure_bytes(ptr %bp, i64 16)\n")
+  emith("define ptr @lp_uuid_v4() {\n")
+  emith("entry:\n  %b = alloca [16 x i8]\n  %bp = getelementptr [16 x i8], ptr %b, i64 0, i64 0\n  call void @lp_secure_bytes(ptr %bp, i64 16)\n")
   emith("  %p6 = getelementptr i8, ptr %bp, i64 6\n  %v6 = load i8, ptr %p6\n  %v6a = and i8 %v6, 15\n  %v6b = or i8 %v6a, 64\n  store i8 %v6b, ptr %p6\n")
   emith("  %p8 = getelementptr i8, ptr %bp, i64 8\n  %v8 = load i8, ptr %p8\n  %v8a = and i8 %v8, 63\n  %v8b = or i8 %v8a, -128\n  store i8 %v8b, ptr %p8\n")
-  emith("  %s = call ptr @fn_uuid_format(ptr %bp)\n  ret ptr %s\n}\n")
+  emith("  %s = call ptr @lp_uuid_format(ptr %bp)\n  ret ptr %s\n}\n")
 
   # v7: random fill, then overwrite the first 6 bytes with a 48-bit big-endian
   # Unix-millisecond timestamp; set version 7 (0x7x) and the variant. Sub-second
   # resolution is derived from time() seconds * 1000 — monotonic per second, with
   # the random tail keeping same-millisecond IDs distinct.
-  emith("define ptr @fn_uuid_v7() {\n")
-  emith("entry:\n  %b = alloca [16 x i8]\n  %bp = getelementptr [16 x i8], ptr %b, i64 0, i64 0\n  call void @fn_secure_bytes(ptr %bp, i64 16)\n")
+  emith("define ptr @lp_uuid_v7() {\n")
+  emith("entry:\n  %b = alloca [16 x i8]\n  %bp = getelementptr [16 x i8], ptr %b, i64 0, i64 0\n  call void @lp_secure_bytes(ptr %bp, i64 16)\n")
   emith("  %t = call i64 @time(ptr null)\n  %ms = mul i64 %t, 1000\n")
   emith("  %s40 = lshr i64 %ms, 40\n  %t0 = trunc i64 %s40 to i8\n  %q0 = getelementptr i8, ptr %bp, i64 0\n  store i8 %t0, ptr %q0\n")
   emith("  %s32 = lshr i64 %ms, 32\n  %t1 = trunc i64 %s32 to i8\n  %q1 = getelementptr i8, ptr %bp, i64 1\n  store i8 %t1, ptr %q1\n")
@@ -108,10 +108,10 @@ function emit_uuid_prelude() -> void {
   emith("  %t5 = trunc i64 %ms to i8\n  %q5 = getelementptr i8, ptr %bp, i64 5\n  store i8 %t5, ptr %q5\n")
   emith("  %p6 = getelementptr i8, ptr %bp, i64 6\n  %v6 = load i8, ptr %p6\n  %v6a = and i8 %v6, 15\n  %v6b = or i8 %v6a, 112\n  store i8 %v6b, ptr %p6\n")
   emith("  %p8 = getelementptr i8, ptr %bp, i64 8\n  %v8 = load i8, ptr %p8\n  %v8a = and i8 %v8, 63\n  %v8b = or i8 %v8a, -128\n  store i8 %v8b, ptr %p8\n")
-  emith("  %s = call ptr @fn_uuid_format(ptr %bp)\n  ret ptr %s\n}\n")
+  emith("  %s = call ptr @lp_uuid_format(ptr %bp)\n  ret ptr %s\n}\n")
 
   # the nil UUID: 36 '0' with hyphens spliced in
-  emith("define ptr @fn_uuid_nil() {\n")
+  emith("define ptr @lp_uuid_nil() {\n")
   emith("entry:\n  %out = call ptr @malloc(i64 37)\n  call ptr @memset(ptr %out, i32 48, i64 36)\n")
   emith("  %o8 = getelementptr i8, ptr %out, i64 8\n  store i8 45, ptr %o8\n")
   emith("  %o13 = getelementptr i8, ptr %out, i64 13\n  store i8 45, ptr %o13\n")
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ function emit_uuid_prelude() -> void {
   emith("  %o36 = getelementptr i8, ptr %out, i64 36\n  store i8 0, ptr %o36\n  ret ptr %out\n}\n")
 
   # is %s a well-formed UUID? length 36, hyphens at 8/13/18/23, hex elsewhere.
-  emith("define i32 @fn_uuid_valid(ptr %s) {\n")
+  emith("define i32 @lp_uuid_valid(ptr %s) {\n")
   emith("entry:\n  %n = call i64 @strlen(ptr %s)\n  %ne = icmp eq i64 %n, 36\n  br i1 %ne, label %go, label %bad\n")
   emith("go:\n  %ip = alloca i64\n  store i64 0, ptr %ip\n  br label %cond\n")
   emith("cond:\n  %i = load i64, ptr %ip\n  %lt = icmp ult i64 %i, 36\n  br i1 %lt, label %body, label %good\n")
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ function emit_uuid_prelude() -> void {
   emith("bad:\n  ret i32 0\n}\n")
 
   # case-insensitive equality of two null-terminated strings -> i32 bool
-  emith("define i32 @fn_uuid_eq(ptr %a, ptr %b) {\n")
+  emith("define i32 @lp_uuid_eq(ptr %a, ptr %b) {\n")
   emith("entry:\n  %la = call i64 @strlen(ptr %a)\n  %lb = call i64 @strlen(ptr %b)\n  %eq = icmp eq i64 %la, %lb\n  br i1 %eq, label %go, label %ne\n")
   emith("go:\n  %ip = alloca i64\n  store i64 0, ptr %ip\n  br label %cond\n")
   emith("cond:\n  %i = load i64, ptr %ip\n  %lt = icmp ult i64 %i, %la\n  br i1 %lt, label %body, label %eqret\n")
@@ -151,8 +151,8 @@ function emit_uuid_prelude() -> void {
   emith("ne:\n  ret i32 0\n}\n")
 
   # parse: lowercase-normalise a valid UUID, else return the nil UUID.
-  emith("define ptr @fn_uuid_parse(ptr %s) {\n")
-  emith("entry:\n  %ok = call i32 @fn_uuid_valid(ptr %s)\n  %isok = icmp ne i32 %ok, 0\n  br i1 %isok, label %dup, label %nilb\n")
+  emith("define ptr @lp_uuid_parse(ptr %s) {\n")
+  emith("entry:\n  %ok = call i32 @lp_uuid_valid(ptr %s)\n  %isok = icmp ne i32 %ok, 0\n  br i1 %isok, label %dup, label %nilb\n")
   emith("dup:\n  %out = call ptr @malloc(i64 37)\n  %ip = alloca i64\n  store i64 0, ptr %ip\n  br label %cond\n")
   emith("cond:\n  %i = load i64, ptr %ip\n  %lt = icmp ult i64 %i, 36\n  br i1 %lt, label %body, label %fin\n")
   emith("body:\n  %p = getelementptr i8, ptr %s, i64 %i\n  %c = load i8, ptr %p\n")
@@ -160,5 +160,5 @@ function emit_uuid_prelude() -> void {
   emith("  %op = getelementptr i8, ptr %out, i64 %i\n  store i8 %cl, ptr %op\n")
   emith("  %i1 = add i64 %i, 1\n  store i64 %i1, ptr %ip\n  br label %cond\n")
   emith("fin:\n  %o36 = getelementptr i8, ptr %out, i64 36\n  store i8 0, ptr %o36\n  ret ptr %out\n")
-  emith("nilb:\n  %nn = call ptr @fn_uuid_nil()\n  ret ptr %nn\n}\n")
+  emith("nilb:\n  %nn = call ptr @lp_uuid_nil()\n  ret ptr %nn\n}\n")
 }

selfhost/backend/stdlib/emit_vector.ludic

@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ function emit_vector_ns(meth: pointer, e: Node) -> Val {
     let vx = vec_x(v.code);  let vy = vec_y(v.code)
     let xx = fx_mul_code(vx, vx);  let yy = fx_mul_code(vy, vy)
     let s = emit_bind(`add i32 {xx}, {yy}`)
-    return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_fx_sqrt(i32 {s})`), "fixed")
+    return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @lp_fx_sqrt(i32 {s})`), "fixed")
   }
   if (meth == "distance") {                         # length(a - b) -> fixed
     g_uses_mathrt = true
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ function emit_vector_ns(meth: pointer, e: Node) -> Val {
     let dy = emit_bind(`sub i32 {ay}, {by}`)
     let xx = fx_mul_code(dx, dx);  let yy = fx_mul_code(dy, dy)
     let s = emit_bind(`add i32 {xx}, {yy}`)
-    return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_fx_sqrt(i32 {s})`), "fixed")
+    return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @lp_fx_sqrt(i32 {s})`), "fixed")
   }
   if (meth == "normalize") {                        # v / length(v); the zero vector maps to itself
     g_uses_mathrt = true
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ function emit_vector_ns(meth: pointer, e: Node) -> Val {
     let vx = vec_x(v.code);  let vy = vec_y(v.code)
     let xx = fx_mul_code(vx, vx);  let yy = fx_mul_code(vy, vy)
     let s = emit_bind(`add i32 {xx}, {yy}`)
-    let len = emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_fx_sqrt(i32 {s})`)
+    let len = emit_bind(`call i32 @lp_fx_sqrt(i32 {s})`)
     let zero = emit_bind(`icmp eq i32 {len}, 0`)
     let denom = emit_bind(`select i1 {zero}, i32 65536, i32 {len}`)   # avoid divide-by-zero
     let inv = fx_div_code("65536", denom)
@@ -113,9 +113,9 @@ function emit_vector_ns(meth: pointer, e: Node) -> Val {
   if (meth == "rotate") {                           # rotate by angle (radians, fixed)
     g_uses_mathrt = true
     let v = emit_expr(e.kids[0]);  let ang = emit_expr(e.kids[1])
-    let sn = emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_fx_sin(i32 {ang.code})`)
+    let sn = emit_bind(`call i32 @lp_fx_sin(i32 {ang.code})`)
     let ca = emit_bind(`add i32 {ang.code}, 102944`)                  # cos(a) = sin(a + pi/2)
-    let cs = emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_fx_sin(i32 {ca})`)
+    let cs = emit_bind(`call i32 @lp_fx_sin(i32 {ca})`)
     let vx = vec_x(v.code);  let vy = vec_y(v.code)
     let xc = fx_mul_code(vx, cs);  let ys = fx_mul_code(vy, sn)
     let xs = fx_mul_code(vx, sn);  let yc = fx_mul_code(vy, cs)
@@ -127,14 +127,14 @@ function emit_vector_ns(meth: pointer, e: Node) -> Val {
     g_uses_mathrt = true
     let v = emit_expr(e.kids[0])
     let vx = vec_x(v.code);  let vy = vec_y(v.code)
-    return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_fx_atan2(i32 {vy}, i32 {vx})`), "fixed")
+    return val(emit_bind(`call i32 @lp_fx_atan2(i32 {vy}, i32 {vx})`), "fixed")
   }
   if (meth == "from_angle") {                       # unit vector at angle a: (cos a, sin a)
     g_uses_mathrt = true
     let ang = emit_expr(e.kids[0])
-    let sn = emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_fx_sin(i32 {ang.code})`)
+    let sn = emit_bind(`call i32 @lp_fx_sin(i32 {ang.code})`)
     let ca = emit_bind(`add i32 {ang.code}, 102944`)
-    let cs = emit_bind(`call i32 @fn_fx_sin(i32 {ca})`)
+    let cs = emit_bind(`call i32 @lp_fx_sin(i32 {ca})`)
     return val(vec_pack(cs, sn), "Vector")
   }
   # lerp(a, b, t: fixed) -> Vector — component-wise linear interpolation

selfhost/frontend/ast.ludic

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # ast.ludic — the node kinds and the single Node shape they share, plus the
-# declaration tables the emitter reads. Mirrors compiler/front/ast.h + sem/.
+# declaration tables the emitter reads.
 
 # declarations
 const N_STRUCT: int = 0
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ const N_PREFAB: int = 53         # prefab Name: Model { Comp { field: v }, … }
 const E_TRY:    int = 52         # try EXPR else { ... } — recover a fallible result as a value (issue #46)
                                  #   a=the fallible (result-typed) expression  b=else block (its
                                  #   trailing expression is the fallback)  line=source line
+const E_LIST:   int = 54         # [a, b, c] — a slice literal; kids=the elements, all of one type
 # statements
 const S_LET:      int = 10
 const S_ASSIGN:   int = 11
@@ -81,11 +82,16 @@ property Node {
   c:    Node
   kids: []Node                # variadic children
   line: int = 0
+  file: pointer = null        # the source file the node was parsed from (for diagnostics)
 }
 
+# every node remembers where it was parsed (file + the line of the token the
+# parser is looking at), so any later diagnostic can point at real source
 function node(kind: int) -> Node {
   let n = new Node
   n.kind = kind
   n.kids = new []Node
+  n.file = g_parse_file
+  if g_parsing and pi < len(toks) { n.line = toks[pi].line }
   return n
 }

selfhost/frontend/lex.ludic

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-# lex.ludic — source text -> a token slice. Mirrors compiler/front/lex.c.
-# Tokens carry their kind, their text (identifiers, strings, operators),
-# an integer value (numbers, char literals) and a line for diagnostics.
+# lex.ludic — source text -> a token slice. Tokens carry their kind, their
+# text (identifiers, strings, operators), an integer value (numbers, char
+# literals) and a line for diagnostics.
 
 const TK_ID:  int = 0
 const TK_INT: int = 1
@@ -28,102 +28,125 @@ function two_at(src: pointer, i: int, a: int, b: int) -> bool {
 
 function is_op1(c: int) -> bool {
   # + - * / % < > = ( ) { } [ ] , : . ! @
-  if c == 43 or c == 45 or c == 42 or c == 47 or c == 37 { return true }
-  if c == 60 or c == 62 or c == 61 { return true }
-  if c == 40 or c == 41 or c == 123 or c == 125 { return true }
-  if c == 91 or c == 93 or c == 44 or c == 58 or c == 46 { return true }
-  if c == 33 or c == 64 { return true }
-  if c == 38 or c == 124 or c == 94 or c == 126 { return true }   # & | ^ ~
+  if c == '+' or c == '-' or c == '*' or c == '/' or c == '%' { return true }
+  if c == '<' or c == '>' or c == '=' { return true }
+  if c == '(' or c == ')' or c == '{' or c == '}' { return true }
+  if c == '[' or c == ']' or c == ',' or c == ':' or c == '.' { return true }
+  if c == '!' or c == '@' { return true }
+  if c == '&' or c == '|' or c == '^' or c == '~' { return true }   # & | ^ ~
   return false
 }
 
-function lex(src: pointer) -> void {
+# The two bytes that delimit escapes, spelled numerically on purpose: this file
+# is what teaches the compiler to read `'\''` and `'\\'`, and the seed that
+# bootstraps it must lex it without already knowing those spellings.
+const CH_SQUOTE: int = 39      # '
+const CH_BACKSLASH: int = 92   # \
+
+# the byte an escape sequence `\e` stands for, shared by "strings" and 'chars':
+# \n \r \t \0 are the named ones; anything else (\\ \' \" \`) is itself.
+function unescape(e: int) -> int {
+  if e == 'n' { return 10 }
+  if e == 'r' { return 13 }
+  if e == 't' { return 9 }
+  if e == '0' { return 0 }
+  return e
+}
+
+# a character the language has no use for is an error, never silently dropped:
+# `x = 5 $ 3` must not compile as `x = 5 3`.
+function lex_error(line: int, c: int) -> void {
+  let ch = bytes(2);  ch[0] = c;  ch[1] = 0
+  lex_fail(line, `unexpected character '{ch}' (byte {c})`)
+}
+
+# report a lexical error in the standard `file:line: error: msg` shape and stop
+function lex_fail(line: int, msg: pointer) -> void {
+  let m = `{g_parse_file}:{line}: error: {msg}\n`
+  file_write(file_stderr(), m, len(m))
+  exit(1)
+}
+
+function lex(src: pointer) -> void { lex_at(src, 1) }
+
+# lex `src` with its first line numbered `first_line` (an interpolation hole is
+# re-lexed on its own, and keeps the line of the string it sits in)
+function lex_at(src: pointer, first_line: int) -> void {
   toks = new []Tok
   var i = 0
-  var line = 1
+  var line = first_line
   let n = len(src)
   while i < n {
     let c = src[i]
-    if c == 10 { tok_push(TK_NL, null, 0, line); line = line + 1; i = i + 1; continue }
-    if c == 32 or c == 9 or c == 13 { i = i + 1; continue }
-    if c == 35 {                                   # '#' comment to end of line
-      while i < n and src[i] != 10 { i = i + 1 }
+    if c == '\n' { tok_push(TK_NL, null, 0, line); line += 1; i += 1; continue }
+    if c == ' ' or c == '\t' or c == '\r' { i += 1; continue }
+    if c == '#' {                                   # '#' comment to end of line
+      while i < n and src[i] != '\n' { i += 1 }
       continue
     }
-    if c == 34 {                                   # "string"
-      i = i + 1
+    if c == '"' {                                   # "string"
+      i += 1
       let start = i
       let out = bytes(n)
       var j = 0
-      while i < n and src[i] != 34 {
-        if src[i] == 92 {                    # backslash escape
-          let e = src[i + 1]
-          var r = e
-          if e == 110 { r = 10 }
-          if e == 114 { r = 13 }
-          if e == 116 { r = 9 }
-          if e == 48  { r = 0 }
-          out[j] = r;  j = j + 1;  i = i + 2
-        } else { out[j] = src[i]; j = j + 1; i = i + 1 }
+      while i < n and src[i] != '"' {
+        if src[i] == CH_BACKSLASH {              # backslash escape
+          out[j] = unescape(src[i + 1]);  j += 1;  i += 2
+        } else { out[j] = src[i]; j += 1; i += 1 }
       }
-      i = i + 1
+      i += 1
       out[j] = 0
       tok_push(TK_STR, out, 0, line)
       continue
     }
-    if c == 96 {                                   # `interpolated string` — captured raw
-      i = i + 1
+    if c == '`' {                                   # `interpolated string` — captured raw
+      i += 1
       let out = bytes(n)
       var j = 0
-      while i < n and src[i] != 96 { out[j] = src[i]; j = j + 1; i = i + 1 }
-      i = i + 1
+      while i < n and src[i] != '`' { out[j] = src[i]; j += 1; i += 1 }
+      i += 1
       out[j] = 0
       tok_push(TK_INTERP, out, 0, line)
       continue
     }
-    if c == 39 {                                   # 'c' char literal -> int
-      i = i + 1
+    if c == CH_SQUOTE {                              # 'c' char literal -> int
+      i += 1
       var v = 0
-      if src[i] == 92 {
-        let e = src[i + 1]
-        if e == 110 { v = 10 }
-        if e == 114 { v = 13 }
-        if e == 116 { v = 9 }
-        if e == 48  { v = 0 }
-        i = i + 2
-      } else { v = src[i]; i = i + 1 }
-      if src[i] == 39 { i = i + 1 }
+      if src[i] == CH_BACKSLASH { v = unescape(src[i + 1]);  i += 2 }
+      else { v = src[i];  i += 1 }
+      if src[i] != CH_SQUOTE { lex_fail(line, "unterminated character literal (expected closing ')") }
+      i += 1
       tok_push(TK_INT, null, v, line)
       continue
     }
     if char_is_digit(c) {
-      if c == 48 and src[i + 1] == 120 {     # 0x hex
+      if c == '0' and src[i + 1] == 'x' {     # 0x hex
         var v = 0
-        i = i + 2
+        i += 2
         while i < n {
           let h = src[i]
           var d = 0
           if char_is_digit(h) { d = h - 48 }
-          else { if h >= 97 and h <= 102 { d = h - 87 }
-                 else { if h >= 65 and h <= 70 { d = h - 55 } else { break } } }
+          else { if h >= 'a' and h <= 'f' { d = h - 87 }
+                 else { if h >= 'A' and h <= 'F' { d = h - 55 } else { break } } }
           v = v * 16 + d
-          i = i + 1
+          i += 1
         }
         tok_push(TK_INT, null, v, line)
         continue
       }
       var v = 0
-      while i < n and char_is_digit(src[i]) { v = v * 10 + (src[i] - 48); i = i + 1 }
+      while i < n and char_is_digit(src[i]) { v = v * 10 + (src[i] - 48); i += 1 }
       # a fractional part makes it a Q16.16 fixed literal
-      if i < n and src[i] == 46 and char_is_digit(src[i + 1]) {
-        i = i + 1
+      if i < n and src[i] == '.' and char_is_digit(src[i + 1]) {
+        i += 1
         # Accumulate only the first 4 fractional digits: `fnum << 16` must stay
         # in i32 (5+ digits overflow), and Q16.16 resolves ~4-5 decimals anyway.
         # Extra digits are still consumed so they don't become a stray token.
         var fnum = 0;  var fden = 1
         while i < n and char_is_digit(src[i]) {
-          if fden < 10000 { fnum = fnum * 10 + (src[i] - 48);  fden = fden * 10 }
-          i = i + 1
+          if fden < 10000 { fnum = fnum * 10 + (src[i] - 48);  fden *= 10 }
+          i += 1
         }
         let bits = (v << 16) + ((fnum << 16) + (fden >> 1)) / fden
         tok_push(TK_FLOAT, null, bits, line)
@@ -134,27 +157,27 @@ function lex(src: pointer) -> void {
     }
     if char_is_alpha(c) {
       let start = i
-      while i < n and char_is_alnum(src[i]) { i = i + 1 }
+      while i < n and char_is_alnum(src[i]) { i += 1 }
       tok_push(TK_ID, src[start..i], 0, line)
       continue
     }
-    if c == 59 { tok_push(TK_NL, null, 0, line); i = i + 1; continue }   # ';'
+    if c == ';' { tok_push(TK_NL, null, 0, line); i += 1; continue }   # ';'
     # two-character operators
-    if two_at(src, i, 45, 62) { tok_push(TK_OP, src[i..i + 2], 0, line); i = i + 2; continue }  # ->
-    if two_at(src, i, 61, 62) { tok_push(TK_OP, src[i..i + 2], 0, line); i = i + 2; continue }  # =>
-    if two_at(src, i, 61, 61) { tok_push(TK_OP, src[i..i + 2], 0, line); i = i + 2; continue }  # ==
-    if two_at(src, i, 33, 61) { tok_push(TK_OP, src[i..i + 2], 0, line); i = i + 2; continue }  # !=
-    if two_at(src, i, 60, 61) { tok_push(TK_OP, src[i..i + 2], 0, line); i = i + 2; continue }  # <=
-    if two_at(src, i, 62, 61) { tok_push(TK_OP, src[i..i + 2], 0, line); i = i + 2; continue }  # >=
-    if two_at(src, i, 43, 61) { tok_push(TK_OP, src[i..i + 2], 0, line); i = i + 2; continue }  # +=
-    if two_at(src, i, 45, 61) { tok_push(TK_OP, src[i..i + 2], 0, line); i = i + 2; continue }  # -=
-    if two_at(src, i, 42, 61) { tok_push(TK_OP, src[i..i + 2], 0, line); i = i + 2; continue }  # *=
-    if two_at(src, i, 47, 61) { tok_push(TK_OP, src[i..i + 2], 0, line); i = i + 2; continue }  # /=
-    if two_at(src, i, 46, 46) { tok_push(TK_OP, src[i..i + 2], 0, line); i = i + 2; continue }  # ..
-    if two_at(src, i, 60, 60) { tok_push(TK_OP, src[i..i + 2], 0, line); i = i + 2; continue }  # <<
-    if two_at(src, i, 62, 62) { tok_push(TK_OP, src[i..i + 2], 0, line); i = i + 2; continue }  # >>
-    if is_op1(c) { tok_push(TK_OP, src[i..i + 1], 0, line); i = i + 1; continue }
-    i = i + 1                                        # skip anything unrecognised
+    if two_at(src, i, 45, 62) { tok_push(TK_OP, src[i..i + 2], 0, line); i += 2; continue }  # ->
+    if two_at(src, i, 61, 62) { tok_push(TK_OP, src[i..i + 2], 0, line); i += 2; continue }  # =>
+    if two_at(src, i, 61, 61) { tok_push(TK_OP, src[i..i + 2], 0, line); i += 2; continue }  # ==
+    if two_at(src, i, 33, 61) { tok_push(TK_OP, src[i..i + 2], 0, line); i += 2; continue }  # !=
+    if two_at(src, i, 60, 61) { tok_push(TK_OP, src[i..i + 2], 0, line); i += 2; continue }  # <=
+    if two_at(src, i, 62, 61) { tok_push(TK_OP, src[i..i + 2], 0, line); i += 2; continue }  # >=
+    if two_at(src, i, 43, 61) { tok_push(TK_OP, src[i..i + 2], 0, line); i += 2; continue }  # +=
+    if two_at(src, i, 45, 61) { tok_push(TK_OP, src[i..i + 2], 0, line); i += 2; continue }  # -=
+    if two_at(src, i, 42, 61) { tok_push(TK_OP, src[i..i + 2], 0, line); i += 2; continue }  # *=
+    if two_at(src, i, 47, 61) { tok_push(TK_OP, src[i..i + 2], 0, line); i += 2; continue }  # /=
+    if two_at(src, i, 46, 46) { tok_push(TK_OP, src[i..i + 2], 0, line); i += 2; continue }  # ..
+    if two_at(src, i, 60, 60) { tok_push(TK_OP, src[i..i + 2], 0, line); i += 2; continue }  # <<
+    if two_at(src, i, 62, 62) { tok_push(TK_OP, src[i..i + 2], 0, line); i += 2; continue }  # >>
+    if is_op1(c) { tok_push(TK_OP, src[i..i + 1], 0, line); i += 1; continue }
+    lex_error(line, c)
   }
   tok_push(TK_EOF, null, 0, line)
 }

selfhost/frontend/parse.ludic

@@ -4,7 +4,16 @@
 
 var pi: int = 0
 var prog: []Node                 # the top-level declarations
-var g_game_name: pointer             # the `game`/`module` name
+var g_game_name: pointer             # the `program` name
+
+# ---- diagnostics -----------------------------------------------------------
+# Every compiler error is `file:line: error: message` — the form editors and
+# build tools parse. While parsing, the location is the current token's; while
+# lowering, it is the statement being emitted (emit_stmt records it).
+var g_parse_file: pointer = ""     # the file whose tokens are being parsed
+var g_parsing: bool = true         # false once lowering starts
+var g_err_file: pointer = ""       # the statement being lowered
+var g_err_line: int = 0
 
 function cur() -> Tok { return toks[pi] }
 function pk(o: int) -> Tok { return toks[pi + o] }
@@ -13,32 +22,47 @@ function is_id(v: pointer) -> bool { let t = toks[pi];  return t.kind == TK_ID a
 function is_kw(v: pointer) -> bool { return is_id(v) }
 
 function perr(msg: pointer) -> void {
-  let e = file_stderr()
-  file_write(e, "ludicc(self): parse error: ", 27)
-  file_write(e, msg, len(msg))
-  file_write(e, "\n", 1)
+  var file = g_err_file
+  var line = g_err_line
+  if g_parsing {
+    file = g_parse_file
+    line = 0
+    if pi < len(toks) { line = toks[pi].line }
+  }
+  if file == null { file = "" }
+  let m = `{file}:{line}: error: {msg}\n`
+  file_write(file_stderr(), m, len(m))
   exit(1)
 }
 
-function eat_op(v: pointer) -> void { if not is_op(v) { perr(v) }; pi = pi + 1 }
+# the current token, described for a diagnostic
+function tok_desc() -> pointer {
+  let t = toks[pi]
+  if t.kind == TK_EOF { return "end of file" }
+  if t.kind == TK_NL { return "end of line" }
+  if t.kind == TK_INT or t.kind == TK_FLOAT { return `number {itoa(t.ival)}` }
+  if t.kind == TK_STR { return `string \"{t.text}\"` }
+  return `'{t.text}'`
+}
+function eat_op(v: pointer) -> void { if not is_op(v) { perr(`expected '{v}', got {tok_desc()}`) }; pi += 1 }
 function eat_id() -> pointer {
   let t = toks[pi]
-  if t.kind != TK_ID { perr("expected identifier") }
-  pi = pi + 1
+  if t.kind != TK_ID { perr(`expected an identifier, got {tok_desc()}`) }
+  pi += 1
   return t.text
 }
-function skipnl() -> void { while toks[pi].kind == TK_NL { pi = pi + 1 } }
+function skipnl() -> void { while toks[pi].kind == TK_NL { pi += 1 } }
 
 # a type: `[]T` slice, or a plain name (int/ptr/str/bool/struct)
 function ptype() -> pointer {
   if is_op("[") {
-    pi = pi + 1
+    pi += 1
     eat_op("]")
     let el = ptype()
     let out = bytes(len(el) + 3)
-    out[0] = 91; out[1] = 93              # "[]"
+    out[0] = '['; out[1] = ']'              # "[]"
     var i = 0
-    while el[i] != 0 { out[2 + i] = el[i]; i = i + 1 }
+    while el[i] != 0 { out[2 + i] = el[i]; i += 1 }
     out[2 + i] = 0
     return out
   }
@@ -62,7 +86,7 @@ function args_call(call: Node) -> void {
     } else {
       push(call.kids, expr())
     }
-    skipnl(); if is_op(",") { pi = pi + 1; skipnl() }
+    skipnl(); if is_op(",") { pi += 1; skipnl() }
   }
   eat_op(")")
 }
@@ -78,9 +102,10 @@ function interp_add(acc: Node, part: Node) -> Node {
 function interp_str(e: Node) -> Node {                  # wrap a hole in string(...)
   let c = node(E_CALL); let id = node(E_ID); id.s = "string"; c.a = id; push(c.kids, e); return c
 }
+var g_interp_line: int = 1                                  # the line the interpolated string sits on
 function parse_hole(inner: pointer) -> Node {               # re-lex+parse an embedded expression
   let saved_toks = toks;  let saved_pi = pi
-  lex(inner);  pi = 0;  skipnl()
+  lex_at(inner, g_interp_line);  pi = 0;  skipnl()
   let e = expr()
   toks = saved_toks;  pi = saved_pi
   return e
@@ -93,29 +118,32 @@ function parse_interp(raw: pointer) -> Node {
   var i = 0
   while i < n {
     let c = raw[i]
-    if c == 123 {                                 # '{'
-      if raw[i + 1] == 123 { lit[lj] = 123; lj = lj + 1; i = i + 2; continue }   # {{ -> {
+    if c == '{' {                                 # '{'
+      if raw[i + 1] == '{' { lit[lj] = '{'; lj += 1; i += 2; continue }   # {{ -> {
       if lj > 0 { acc = interp_add(acc, interp_lit(lit, lj));  lj = 0 }
-      i = i + 1
+      i += 1
       let hs = i
+      # find the hole's closing brace: braces nest, and a brace inside a
+      # "string" or 'char' literal in the hole is text, not structure
       var depth = 1
       while i < n and depth > 0 {
         let d = raw[i]
-        if d == 123 { depth = depth + 1 }
-        else { if d == 125 { depth = depth - 1;  if depth == 0 { break } } }
-        i = i + 1
+        if d == '"' or d == CH_SQUOTE {
+          i += 1
+          while i < n and raw[i] != d { if raw[i] == CH_BACKSLASH { i += 1 };  i += 1 }
+        }
+        else if d == '{' { depth += 1 }
+        else if d == '}' { depth -= 1;  if depth == 0 { break } }
+        i += 1
       }
       acc = interp_add(acc, interp_str(parse_hole(raw[hs..i])))
-      i = i + 1                                   # skip the closing '}'
+      i += 1                                   # skip the closing '}'
     } else {
-      if c == 125 and raw[i + 1] == 125 { lit[lj] = 125; lj = lj + 1; i = i + 2; continue }  # }} -> }
-      if c == 92 {                                # backslash escape in literal text
-        let e = raw[i + 1];  var r = e
-        if e == 110 { r = 10 }
-        if e == 116 { r = 9 }
-        lit[lj] = r; lj = lj + 1; i = i + 2; continue
+      if c == '}' and raw[i + 1] == '}' { lit[lj] = '}'; lj += 1; i += 2; continue }  # }} -> }
+      if c == CH_BACKSLASH {                        # backslash escape, same table as "strings"
+        lit[lj] = unescape(raw[i + 1]); lj += 1; i += 2; continue
       }
-      lit[lj] = c; lj = lj + 1; i = i + 1
+      lit[lj] = c; lj += 1; i += 1
     }
   }
   if lj > 0 or (acc == null) { acc = interp_add(acc, interp_lit(lit, lj)) }
@@ -126,47 +154,60 @@ function parse_interp(raw: pointer) -> Node {
 # As an expression it yields a cancellable event's cancelled flag (0/1); a
 # non-cancellable event yields 0.
 function parse_emit() -> Node {
-  pi = pi + 1; let n = node(S_EMIT); n.s = eat_id()
+  pi += 1; let n = node(S_EMIT); n.s = eat_id()
   let r = node(E_REC)
   eat_op("("); skipnl()
   while not is_op(")") {
     let fi = node(E_FINIT); fi.s = eat_id(); eat_op(":"); fi.a = expr(); push(r.kids, fi)
-    skipnl(); if is_op(",") { pi = pi + 1; skipnl() }
+    skipnl(); if is_op(",") { pi += 1; skipnl() }
   }
   eat_op(")")
   n.a = r
   return n
 }
 
+# `[a, b, c]` — a slice literal (an empty `[]` needs a type: `new []T`)
+function parse_list() -> Node {
+  let n = node(E_LIST); n.line = toks[pi].line
+  eat_op("["); skipnl()
+  while not is_op("]") {
+    push(n.kids, expr())
+    skipnl(); if is_op(",") { pi += 1; skipnl() }
+  }
+  eat_op("]")
+  return n
+}
+
 function p_primary() -> Node {
   let t = toks[pi]
-  if t.kind == TK_INTERP { pi = pi + 1; return parse_interp(t.text) }
+  if t.kind == TK_INTERP { pi += 1; g_interp_line = t.line; return parse_interp(t.text) }
+  if is_op("[") { return parse_list() }
   if t.kind == TK_ID and (t.text == "emit") and (toks[pi + 1].kind == TK_ID) { return parse_emit() }
-  if t.kind == TK_INT { let n = node(E_INT); n.ival = t.ival; pi = pi + 1; return n }
-  if t.kind == TK_FLOAT { let n = node(E_FLOAT); n.ival = t.ival; pi = pi + 1; return n }
-  if t.kind == TK_STR { let n = node(E_STR); n.s = t.text; pi = pi + 1; return n }
+  if t.kind == TK_INT { let n = node(E_INT); n.ival = t.ival; pi += 1; return n }
+  if t.kind == TK_FLOAT { let n = node(E_FLOAT); n.ival = t.ival; pi += 1; return n }
+  if t.kind == TK_STR { let n = node(E_STR); n.s = t.text; pi += 1; return n }
   if t.kind == TK_ID {
-    if (t.text == "true")  { let n = node(E_BOOL); n.ival = 1; pi = pi + 1; return n }
-    if (t.text == "false") { let n = node(E_BOOL); n.ival = 0; pi = pi + 1; return n }
-    if (t.text == "null")  { pi = pi + 1; return node(E_NULL) }
-    if (t.text == "new")   { pi = pi + 1;  let n = node(E_NEW); n.s = ptype();  if is_op("{") { n.a = record() };  return n }
+    if (t.text == "true")  { let n = node(E_BOOL); n.ival = 1; pi += 1; return n }
+    if (t.text == "false") { let n = node(E_BOOL); n.ival = 0; pi += 1; return n }
+    if (t.text == "null")  { pi += 1; return node(E_NULL) }
+    if (t.text == "new")   { pi += 1;  let n = node(E_NEW); n.s = ptype();  if is_op("{") { n.a = record() };  return n }
     if (t.text == "spawn") { return parse_spawn() }    # spawn as an expression: the new entity
     # try EXPR else { ... } — evaluate a fallible (result-typed) expression; on
     # `ok` the whole expression is its payload, on `err` the else block runs (with
     # the message bound to `error`) and its trailing expression is the fallback.
     if (t.text == "try") {
-      pi = pi + 1
+      pi += 1
       let n = node(E_TRY); n.line = t.line
       n.a = expr()
       skipnl()
       if not is_id("else") { perr("try needs an `else { ... }` fallback") }
-      pi = pi + 1; skipnl()
+      pi += 1; skipnl()
       n.b = block()
       return n
     }
-    let n = node(E_ID); n.s = t.text; pi = pi + 1; return n
+    let n = node(E_ID); n.s = t.text; pi += 1; return n
   }
-  if is_op("(") { pi = pi + 1; skipnl(); let e = expr(); skipnl(); eat_op(")"); return e }
+  if is_op("(") { pi += 1; skipnl(); let e = expr(); skipnl(); eat_op(")"); return e }
   perr("expected expression")
   return node(E_INT)
 }
@@ -174,7 +215,7 @@ function p_primary() -> Node {
 function p_postfix() -> Node {
   var e = p_primary()
   while true {
-    if is_op(".") { pi = pi + 1; let m = node(E_MEMBER); m.a = e; m.s = eat_id(); e = m
+    if is_op(".") { pi += 1; let m = node(E_MEMBER); m.a = e; m.s = eat_id(); e = m
       if e.a.kind == E_ID and e.a.s == "Regex" { g_uses_regex = true }   # splice the regex runtime on demand
       if e.a.kind == E_ID and (e.a.s == "BigInt" or e.a.s == "Decimal") { g_uses_bignum = true }   # splice the bignum runtime on demand
       if e.a.kind == E_ID and (e.a.s == "Dict" or e.a.s == "Set") { g_uses_dict = true }   # splice the hash-table runtime on demand
@@ -213,20 +254,22 @@ function p_postfix() -> Node {
       if e.a.kind == E_ID and e.a.s == "Tween" and (e.s == "to" or e.s == "chain" or e.s == "delay" or e.s == "value" or e.s == "stop" or e.s == "parallel") { g_uses_tween_rt = true }
       if e.a.kind == E_ID and e.a.s == "Fx" { g_uses_fx = true }   # Fx.* -> splice fx.ludic + tick/draw it each frame
     }
-    else { if is_op("[") { pi = pi + 1; let lo = expr()
-        if is_op("..") { pi = pi + 1; let sl = node(E_SLICE); sl.a = e; sl.b = lo; sl.c = expr(); eat_op("]"); e = sl }   # s[a..b] substring
-        else { let ix = node(E_INDEX); ix.a = e; ix.b = lo; eat_op("]"); e = ix } }
-      else { if is_op("(") { let c = node(E_CALL); c.a = e; c.line = toks[pi].line; args_call(c); e = c
-          if (c.a.kind == E_ID) and ((c.a.s == "draw_sprite") or (c.a.s == "draw_sprite_scaled")) { warn_draw_sprite(c.a.s) }   # #85 deprecate the bare aliases
-        } else { break } } }
+    else if is_op("[") { pi += 1; let lo = expr()
+      if is_op("..") { pi += 1; let sl = node(E_SLICE); sl.a = e; sl.b = lo; sl.c = expr(); eat_op("]"); e = sl }   # s[a..b] substring
+      else { let ix = node(E_INDEX); ix.a = e; ix.b = lo; eat_op("]"); e = ix }
+    }
+    else if is_op("(") { let c = node(E_CALL); c.a = e; c.line = toks[pi].line; args_call(c); e = c
+      if (c.a.kind == E_ID) and ((c.a.s == "draw_sprite") or (c.a.s == "draw_sprite_scaled")) { warn_draw_sprite(c.a.s) }   # #85 deprecate the bare aliases
+    }
+    else { break }
   }
   return e
 }
 
 function p_unary() -> Node {
-  if is_op("-") { pi = pi + 1; let n = node(E_UN); n.s = "-"; n.a = p_unary(); return n }
-  if is_op("~") { pi = pi + 1; let n = node(E_UN); n.s = "~"; n.a = p_unary(); return n }   # bitwise not
-  if is_id("not") { pi = pi + 1; let n = node(E_UN); n.s = "not"; n.a = p_unary(); return n }
+  if is_op("-") { pi += 1; let n = node(E_UN); n.s = "-"; n.a = p_unary(); return n }
+  if is_op("~") { pi += 1; let n = node(E_UN); n.s = "~"; n.a = p_unary(); return n }   # bitwise not
+  if is_id("not") { pi += 1; let n = node(E_UN); n.s = "not"; n.a = p_unary(); return n }
   return p_postfix()
 }
 
@@ -237,30 +280,30 @@ function mkbin(op: pointer, l: Node, r: Node) -> Node { let b = node(E_BIN); b.s
 function p_mul() -> Node {
   var l = p_unary()
   while is_op("*") or is_op("/") or is_op("%") or is_op("<<") or is_op(">>") or is_op("&") {
-    let op = toks[pi].text; pi = pi + 1; l = mkbin(op, l, p_unary()) }
+    let op = toks[pi].text; pi += 1; l = mkbin(op, l, p_unary()) }
   return l
 }
 function p_add() -> Node {
   var l = p_mul()
   while is_op("+") or is_op("-") or is_op("|") or is_op("^") {
-    let op = toks[pi].text; pi = pi + 1; l = mkbin(op, l, p_mul()) }
+    let op = toks[pi].text; pi += 1; l = mkbin(op, l, p_mul()) }
   return l
 }
 function p_cmp() -> Node {
   var l = p_add()
   while is_op("<") or is_op("<=") or is_op(">") or is_op(">=") or is_op("==") or is_op("!=") {
-    let op = toks[pi].text; pi = pi + 1; l = mkbin(op, l, p_add())
+    let op = toks[pi].text; pi += 1; l = mkbin(op, l, p_add())
   }
   return l
 }
 function p_and() -> Node {
   var l = p_cmp()
-  while is_id("and") { pi = pi + 1; l = mkbin("and", l, p_cmp()) }
+  while is_id("and") { pi += 1; l = mkbin("and", l, p_cmp()) }
   return l
 }
 function p_or() -> Node {
   var l = p_and()
-  while is_id("or") { pi = pi + 1; l = mkbin("or", l, p_and()) }
+  while is_id("or") { pi += 1; l = mkbin("or", l, p_and()) }
   return l
 }
 
@@ -271,7 +314,7 @@ function record() -> Node {
   let r = node(E_REC)
   while true { skipnl(); if is_op("}") { break }
     let fi = node(E_FINIT); fi.s = eat_id(); eat_op(":"); fi.a = expr(); push(r.kids, fi)
-    if is_op(",") { pi = pi + 1 } }
+    if is_op(",") { pi += 1 } }
   eat_op("}"); return r
 }
 
@@ -307,27 +350,27 @@ function stmt_body() -> Node {
   if t.kind == TK_ID {
     if (t.text == "let") or (t.text == "var") {
       var mut = 0; if (t.text == "var") { mut = 1 }     # let = immutable, var = mutable
-      pi = pi + 1; let n = node(S_LET); n.ival = mut; n.line = toks[pi].line; n.s = eat_id()
-      if is_op(":") { pi = pi + 1; n.ty = ptype() }
-      if is_op("=") { pi = pi + 1; n.a = expr() }
+      pi += 1; let n = node(S_LET); n.ival = mut; n.line = toks[pi].line; n.s = eat_id()
+      if is_op(":") { pi += 1; n.ty = ptype() }
+      if is_op("=") { pi += 1; n.a = expr() }
       return n
     }
     if (t.text == "return") {
-      pi = pi + 1; let n = node(S_RETURN)
+      pi += 1; let n = node(S_RETURN)
       if toks[pi].kind != TK_NL and not is_op("}") { n.a = expr() }
       return n
     }
     if (t.text == "if") {
-      pi = pi + 1; let n = node(S_IF); n.a = expr(); n.b = block()
+      pi += 1; let n = node(S_IF); n.a = expr(); n.b = block()
       let save = pi; skipnl()                 # peek past newlines for a trailing `else`
-      if is_id("else") { pi = pi + 1; skipnl()
+      if is_id("else") { pi += 1; skipnl()
         if is_id("if") { n.c = stmt() } else { n.c = block() } }
       else { pi = save }                      # no else: keep the separator for block()'s Rule-B check
       return n
     }
-    if (t.text == "while") { pi = pi + 1; let n = node(S_WHILE); n.a = expr(); n.b = block(); return n }
+    if (t.text == "while") { pi += 1; let n = node(S_WHILE); n.a = expr(); n.b = block(); return n }
     if (t.text == "for") {
-      pi = pi + 1
+      pi += 1
       if is_op("(") { return parse_query_for() }
       let n = node(S_FOR); n.s = eat_id()
       let inkw = eat_id()                       # 'in'
@@ -336,54 +379,54 @@ function stmt_body() -> Node {
     }
     if (t.text == "spawn") { return parse_spawn() }
     if (t.text == "machine") {
-      pi = pi + 1; let n = node(S_MACHINE); n.a = expr(); skipnl(); eat_op("{")
+      pi += 1; let n = node(S_MACHINE); n.a = expr(); skipnl(); eat_op("{")
       var sidx = 0                              # states auto-number by declaration order
       while true { skipnl(); if is_op("}") { break }
         let stkw = eat_id()                     # 'state'
         let s = node(S_STATE); s.s = eat_id()
-        if is_op("=") { pi = pi + 1; s.b = expr() }              # explicit value (still allowed)
+        if is_op("=") { pi += 1; s.b = expr() }              # explicit value (still allowed)
         s.ival = sidx                                              # else: the enum variant of the same name
                                                                    # when the store is enum-typed, or this ordinal
         skipnl(); s.a = block()
-        push(n.kids, s); sidx = sidx + 1 }
+        push(n.kids, s); sidx += 1 }
       eat_op("}"); return n
     }
     # `emit E(...)` fires an event, but a bare `emit(...)` is an ordinary call
     # (the compiler dogfoods a function named `emit`), so require an event name.
     if (t.text == "emit") and (toks[pi + 1].kind == TK_ID) { return parse_emit() }
-    if (t.text == "become") { pi = pi + 1; let n = node(S_BECOME); n.s = eat_id(); return n }
-    if (t.text == "despawn") { pi = pi + 1; let n = node(S_DESPAWN); n.a = expr(); return n }
+    if (t.text == "become") { pi += 1; let n = node(S_BECOME); n.s = eat_id(); return n }
+    if (t.text == "despawn") { pi += 1; let n = node(S_DESPAWN); n.a = expr(); return n }
     if (t.text == "enable") or (t.text == "disable") {
       var en = 0; if (t.text == "enable") { en = 1 }
-      pi = pi + 1; let n = node(S_TOGGLE); n.ival = en
-      if is_id("layer") { pi = pi + 1; n.ty = "layer"; n.s = eat_id(); note_toggled_layer(n.s); return n }  # enable/disable layer L
-      if is_id("system") { pi = pi + 1; n.ty = "system"; n.s = eat_id(); if en == 0 { push(g_disabled_sys, n.s) };  return n }  # disable system <esys_fn> (lever 5, compile-time)
+      pi += 1; let n = node(S_TOGGLE); n.ival = en
+      if is_id("layer") { pi += 1; n.ty = "layer"; n.s = eat_id(); note_toggled_layer(n.s); return n }  # enable/disable layer L
+      if is_id("system") { pi += 1; n.ty = "system"; n.s = eat_id(); if en == 0 { push(g_disabled_sys, n.s) };  return n }  # disable system <esys_fn> (lever 5, compile-time)
       n.s = eat_id()                                                       # `enable P on e` / `disable Model` / `disable Handler`
-      if is_id("on") { pi = pi + 1; n.a = expr() }                        # property on an entity
+      if is_id("on") { pi += 1; n.a = expr() }                        # property on an entity
       return n
     }
     if (t.text == "attach") {                    # attach P on e [{ field: val, ... }]
-      pi = pi + 1; let n = node(S_ATTACH); n.s = eat_id()
+      pi += 1; let n = node(S_ATTACH); n.s = eat_id()
       if not is_id("on") { perr("attach needs 'on <entity>'") }
-      pi = pi + 1; n.a = expr()
+      pi += 1; n.a = expr()
       if is_op("{") { n.b = record() }           # optional field overrides (same-line)
       return n
     }
     if (t.text == "detach") {                    # detach P on e
-      pi = pi + 1; let n = node(S_DETACH); n.s = eat_id()
+      pi += 1; let n = node(S_DETACH); n.s = eat_id()
       if not is_id("on") { perr("detach needs 'on <entity>'") }
-      pi = pi + 1; n.a = expr()
+      pi += 1; n.a = expr()
       return n
     }
-    if (t.text == "break") { pi = pi + 1; return node(S_BREAK) }
-    if (t.text == "continue") { pi = pi + 1; return node(S_CONTINUE) }
-    if (t.text == "cancel") { pi = pi + 1; return node(S_CANCEL) }   # veto a cancellable event
+    if (t.text == "break") { pi += 1; return node(S_BREAK) }
+    if (t.text == "continue") { pi += 1; return node(S_CONTINUE) }
+    if (t.text == "cancel") { pi += 1; return node(S_CANCEL) }   # veto a cancellable event
     if (t.text == "match") {
-      pi = pi + 1; let n = node(S_MATCH); n.a = expr(); skipnl(); eat_op("{")
+      pi += 1; let n = node(S_MATCH); n.a = expr(); skipnl(); eat_op("{")
       while true {
         skipnl(); if is_op("}") { break }
         let arm = node(S_MARM)
-        while true { push(arm.kids, expr()); if is_op(",") { pi = pi + 1; skipnl(); continue }; break }
+        while true { push(arm.kids, expr()); if is_op(",") { pi += 1; skipnl(); continue }; break }
         eat_op("=>"); skipnl()
         if is_op("{") { arm.a = block() } else { let b = node(N_BLOCK); push(b.kids, stmt()); arm.a = b }
         push(n.kids, arm)
@@ -393,19 +436,19 @@ function stmt_body() -> Node {
   }
   let e = expr()
   if is_op("=") or is_op("+=") or is_op("-=") or is_op("*=") or is_op("/=") {
-    let n = node(S_ASSIGN); n.line = toks[pi].line; n.s = toks[pi].text; pi = pi + 1; n.a = e; n.b = expr(); return n
+    let n = node(S_ASSIGN); n.line = toks[pi].line; n.s = toks[pi].text; pi += 1; n.a = e; n.b = expr(); return n
   }
   let n = node(S_EXPR); n.a = e; return n
 }
 
 # ---- declarations ----------------------------------------------------------
 function parse_var() -> Node {
-  pi = pi + 1; let n = node(N_VAR); n.s = eat_id(); eat_op(":"); n.ty = ptype()
-  if is_op("=") { pi = pi + 1; n.a = expr() }
+  pi += 1; let n = node(N_VAR); n.s = eat_id(); eat_op(":"); n.ty = ptype()
+  if is_op("=") { pi += 1; n.a = expr() }
   return n
 }
 function parse_const() -> Node {
-  pi = pi + 1; let n = node(N_CONST); n.s = eat_id(); eat_op(":"); n.ty = ptype(); eat_op("="); n.a = expr()
+  pi += 1; let n = node(N_CONST); n.s = eat_id(); eat_op(":"); n.ty = ptype(); eat_op("="); n.a = expr()
   return n
 }
 # the language's statement / declaration words cannot name a function (`new`,
@@ -424,19 +467,19 @@ function is_reserved_word(w: pointer) -> bool {
 }
 
 function parse_fn() -> Node {
-  pi = pi + 1; let n = node(N_FN); n.s = eat_id(); eat_op("(")
+  pi += 1; let n = node(N_FN); n.s = eat_id(); eat_op("(")
   if is_reserved_word(n.s) { perr(`'{n.s}' is a reserved word and cannot name a function`) }
   while not is_op(")") {
     let p = node(N_PARAM); p.s = eat_id(); eat_op(":"); p.ty = ptype(); push(n.kids, p)
-    if is_op(",") { pi = pi + 1 }
+    if is_op(",") { pi += 1 }
   }
   eat_op(")")
   n.ty = "void"
-  if is_op("->") { pi = pi + 1; n.ty = ptype() }
+  if is_op("->") { pi += 1; n.ty = ptype() }
   n.a = block()
   return n
 }
-function parse_main() -> Node { pi = pi + 1; let n = node(N_MAIN); n.a = block(); return n }
+function parse_main() -> Node { pi += 1; let n = node(N_MAIN); n.a = block(); return n }
 
 # issue #76 — rewrite calls to a namespace-block sibling (a bare short-name call)
 # to the prefixed function name, so a body can call `pending()` where the function
@@ -444,7 +487,7 @@ function parse_main() -> Node { pi = pi + 1; let n = node(N_MAIN); n.a = block()
 # rewritten (Ludic has no function values, and Name.method calls are E_MEMBER).
 function ns_short_in(names: []pointer, s: pointer) -> bool {
   var i = 0
-  while i < len(names) { if (names[i] == s) { return true };  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(names) { if (names[i] == s) { return true };  i += 1 }
   return false
 }
 function ns_rewrite_calls(n: Node, shorts: []pointer, prefix: pointer) -> void {
@@ -456,7 +499,7 @@ function ns_rewrite_calls(n: Node, shorts: []pointer, prefix: pointer) -> void {
   ns_rewrite_calls(n.b, shorts, prefix)
   ns_rewrite_calls(n.c, shorts, prefix)
   var i = 0
-  while i < len(n.kids) { ns_rewrite_calls(n.kids[i], shorts, prefix);  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(n.kids) { ns_rewrite_calls(n.kids[i], shorts, prefix);  i += 1 }
 }
 
 # issue #76 — `namespace Name { [export|internal] function short(…) … }`. Declares
@@ -467,7 +510,7 @@ function ns_rewrite_calls(n: Node, shorts: []pointer, prefix: pointer) -> void {
 # name. `internal` keeps a function as a private helper: it is emitted but not part
 # of the Name.* surface.
 function parse_namespace() -> void {
-  pi = pi + 1                                        # eat "namespace"
+  pi += 1                                        # eat "namespace"
   let nsname = eat_id()
   eat_op("{");  skipnl()
   let fns = new []Node
@@ -475,8 +518,8 @@ function parse_namespace() -> void {
   let exps = new []int
   while not is_op("}") {
     var is_exp = 1                                   # default: exported (public)
-    if is_id("export") { pi = pi + 1 }
-    else { if is_id("internal") { pi = pi + 1;  is_exp = 0 } }
+    if is_id("export") { pi += 1 }
+    else { if is_id("internal") { pi += 1;  is_exp = 0 } }
     if not is_id("function") { perr("a namespace body holds functions: expected `function`") }
     let f = parse_fn()
     push(fns, f);  push(shorts, f.s);  push(exps, is_exp)
@@ -485,30 +528,30 @@ function parse_namespace() -> void {
   eat_op("}")
   let prefix = ns_lower(nsname) + ("_")
   var i = 0                                           # prefix every function name
-  while i < len(fns) { fns[i].s = prefix + shorts[i];  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(fns) { fns[i].s = prefix + shorts[i];  i += 1 }
   i = 0                                               # rewrite sibling calls to the prefixed name
-  while i < len(fns) { ns_rewrite_calls(fns[i].a, shorts, prefix);  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(fns) { ns_rewrite_calls(fns[i].a, shorts, prefix);  i += 1 }
   register_namespace(nsname)                          # Name.method dispatch (generic path)
   push(g_ns_blocks, nsname)
   i = 0
   while i < len(fns) {
     if (exps[i] == 1) { push(g_ns_exports, fns[i].s) }   # record the public surface
     push(prog, fns[i])
-    i = i + 1
+    i += 1
   }
 }
 
 # directory part of a path, including the trailing '/', or "" if none
 function dir_of(path: pointer) -> pointer {
-  var last = 0 - 1
+  var last = -1
   var i = 0
-  while path[i] != 0 { if path[i] == 47 { last = i };  i = i + 1 }
+  while path[i] != 0 { if path[i] == '/' { last = i };  i += 1 }
   if last < 0 { return "" }
-  return path[0..0 + (last + 1)]
+  return path[0..last + 1]
 }
 function join_path(dir: pointer, rel: pointer) -> pointer {
-  if rel[0] == 47 { return rel }               # absolute
-  return (dir + rel)
+  if rel[0] == '/' { return rel }              # absolute
+  return dir + rel
 }
 
 var loaded_paths: []pointer
@@ -529,8 +572,8 @@ var g_uses_atlas: bool = false    # Sprite.sheet/cell/… or Assets.* -> splice
 var g_uses_reflect_io: bool = false  # Reflect.serialize/apply -> splice the reflection serializer
 var g_uses_esys: bool = false     # an engine-owned system component (SpriteAnim/Motion/Light2D) is declared -> splice systems.ludic + force the reflection ABI
 var g_uses_input: bool = false    # a program used Input.bind/down/poll/… (action maps + record/replay) -> splice input.ludic
-var g_has_clear_color: bool = false   # @ClearColor(N) declared -> the Render phase auto-clears + auto-presents (#86)
-var g_clear_color: int = 0            # the declared clear colour (0x00RRGGBB)
+var g_has_clear_color: bool = false   # @ClearColor(colour) declared -> the Render phase auto-clears + auto-presents (#86)
+var g_clear_color: Node = null        # the declared clear colour: a literal, a const name or a Color.Name
 var g_warned_draw_sprite: bool = false   # emit the bare-draw_sprite deprecation note once (#85)
 var g_uses_world_despawn: bool = false   # World.despawn / esys_bounds kill -> emit @fn_world_despawn (#84)
 
@@ -544,7 +587,7 @@ function warn_draw_sprite(name: pointer) -> void {
   file_write(file_stderr(), m, len(m))
 }
 var g_uses_anim_rt: bool = false  # Anim.play/clip/on_frame/fired or Motion.to (#48) -> splice systems.ludic + force the reflection ABI
-var g_uses_tween_rt: bool = false # Tween.to/chain/delay/… (#48) -> splice tween.ludic + run esys_tween each Update
+var g_uses_tween_rt: bool = false  # Tween.to/chain/delay/… (#48) -> splice tween.ludic + run esys_tween each Update
 var g_uses_fx: bool = false       # Fx.sparks/number/clear -> splice fx.ludic; fx_tick each Update, fx_draw each Render
 var g_uses_audio: bool = false    # Audio.* (#22) -> splice audio.ludic; a windowed build also links audio.ll + AVFoundation
 var g_uses_http:  bool = false    # Http.* (#6) -> splice http.ludic; links http.ll + Foundation (macOS)
@@ -572,12 +615,12 @@ var g_ns_blocks: []pointer
 var g_ns_exports: []pointer
 function is_ns_block(name: pointer) -> bool {
   var i = 0
-  while i < len(g_ns_blocks) { if (g_ns_blocks[i] == name) { return true };  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(g_ns_blocks) { if (g_ns_blocks[i] == name) { return true };  i += 1 }
   return false
 }
 function ns_export_has(prefixed: pointer) -> bool {
   var i = 0
-  while i < len(g_ns_exports) { if (g_ns_exports[i] == prefixed) { return true };  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(g_ns_exports) { if (g_ns_exports[i] == prefixed) { return true };  i += 1 }
   return false
 }
 
@@ -590,7 +633,7 @@ function ns_export_has(prefixed: pointer) -> bool {
 var g_disabled_sys: []pointer
 function is_system_disabled(fn: pointer) -> bool {
   var i = 0
-  while i < len(g_disabled_sys) { if (g_disabled_sys[i] == fn) { return true };  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(g_disabled_sys) { if (g_disabled_sys[i] == fn) { return true };  i += 1 }
   return false
 }
 
@@ -599,18 +642,18 @@ function is_system_disabled(fn: pointer) -> bool {
 # bare function foo_method (lowercased namespace + "_" + method).
 function register_namespace(name: pointer) -> void {
   var i = 0
-  while i < len(g_namespaces) { if (g_namespaces[i] == name) { return };  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(g_namespaces) { if (g_namespaces[i] == name) { return };  i += 1 }
   push(g_namespaces, name)
 }
 function is_registered_namespace(name: pointer) -> bool {
   var i = 0
-  while i < len(g_namespaces) { if (g_namespaces[i] == name) { return true };  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(g_namespaces) { if (g_namespaces[i] == name) { return true };  i += 1 }
   return false
 }
 
 function already_loaded(full: pointer) -> bool {
   var i = 0
-  while i < len(loaded_paths) { if (loaded_paths[i] == full) { return true };  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(loaded_paths) { if (loaded_paths[i] == full) { return true };  i += 1 }
   return false
 }
 
@@ -639,41 +682,48 @@ function parse_one_decl() -> void {
   var esys_phase: pointer = null
   var ns_name: pointer = null               # @Namespace(Name) — a package-provided Foo.* namespace (#62)
   while is_op("@") {
-    pi = pi + 1; let a = eat_id()             # collect a leading @annotation
-    if (a == "export") { is_export = true }
-    else { if (a == "Public") { is_public = true }                            # @Public hook promotion
-    else { if (a == "On") { eat_op("("); on_event = eat_id(); eat_op(")") }    # @On(Event) listener
-    else { if (a == "Queries") { qspec = parse_queries_anno() }               # @Queries(these: [...], on: ...)
-    else { if (a == "OnSpawn") { eat_op("("); onspawn_model = eat_id(); eat_op(")") }
-    else { if (a == "OnDespawn") { eat_op("("); ondespawn_model = eat_id()
-        if is_op(",") { pi = pi + 1; eat_id(); eat_op(":"); ondespawn_reason = eat_id() }  # , reason: r
-        eat_op(")") }
-    else { if (a == "OnAttach") { eat_op("("); onattach_prop = eat_id(); eat_op(")") }
-    else { if (a == "OnDetach") { eat_op("("); ondetach_prop = eat_id(); eat_op(")") }
-    else { if (a == "OnEnable") { eat_op("("); onenable_prop = eat_id(); eat_op(")") }
-    else { if (a == "OnDisable") { eat_op("("); ondisable_prop = eat_id(); eat_op(")") }
-    else { if (a == "OnStart") { hook_phase = "Start" }                       # boot
-    else { if (a == "OnQuit") { hook_phase = "OnQuit" }                       # shutdown
-    else { if (a == "Sync") { is_sync_prop = true }                           # @Sync property (N2)
-    else { if (a == "Owned") { is_owned = true }                              # @Owned model (N3)
-    else { if (a == "Server") { role = "server" }                            # @Server handler (N5)
-    else { if (a == "Predicted") { role = "predicted" }                      # @Predicted handler (N5)
-    else { if (a == "ToServer") { remote_dir = "toserver" }                  # @ToServer event (N4)
-    else { if (a == "ToClients") { remote_dir = "toclients" }                # @ToClients event (N4)
-    else { if (a == "System") { sys_phase = "Update"; if is_op("(") { pi = pi + 1; sys_phase = eat_id(); eat_op(")") } }   # @System(Phase) binary-module system (#64)
-    else { if (a == "EngineSystem") { eat_op("("); esys_comp = eat_id(); eat_op(","); esys_phase = eat_id(); eat_op(")") }   # @EngineSystem(Comp, Phase) package engine system (#62)
-    else { if (a == "Namespace") { eat_op("("); ns_name = eat_id(); eat_op(")") }   # @Namespace(Name) package Foo.* namespace (#62)
-    else { if (a == "ClearColor") { eat_op("(")                                     # @ClearColor(N) — Render auto-clear + auto-present (#86)
-        if toks[pi].kind != TK_INT { perr("@ClearColor expects an integer colour, e.g. @ClearColor(0x101018)") }
-        g_clear_color = toks[pi].ival;  g_has_clear_color = true;  pi = pi + 1;  eat_op(")") }
-    else { if is_op("(") { var d = 0          # any other @anno(args) — parsed and skipped
-        while true { if is_op("(") { d = d + 1 };  if is_op(")") { d = d - 1 };  pi = pi + 1;  if d == 0 { break } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } }
+    pi += 1; let a = eat_id()             # collect a leading @annotation
+    if a == "export" { is_export = true }
+    else if a == "Public" { is_public = true }                              # @Public hook promotion
+    else if a == "On" { eat_op("("); on_event = eat_id(); eat_op(")") }      # @On(Event) listener
+    else if a == "Queries" { qspec = parse_queries_anno() }                 # @Queries(these: [...], on: ...)
+    else if a == "OnSpawn" { eat_op("("); onspawn_model = eat_id(); eat_op(")") }
+    else if a == "OnDespawn" {
+      eat_op("("); ondespawn_model = eat_id()
+      if is_op(",") { pi += 1; eat_id(); eat_op(":"); ondespawn_reason = eat_id() }  # , reason: r
+      eat_op(")")
+    }
+    else if a == "OnAttach" { eat_op("("); onattach_prop = eat_id(); eat_op(")") }
+    else if a == "OnDetach" { eat_op("("); ondetach_prop = eat_id(); eat_op(")") }
+    else if a == "OnEnable" { eat_op("("); onenable_prop = eat_id(); eat_op(")") }
+    else if a == "OnDisable" { eat_op("("); ondisable_prop = eat_id(); eat_op(")") }
+    else if a == "OnStart" { hook_phase = "Start" }                         # boot
+    else if a == "OnQuit" { hook_phase = "OnQuit" }                         # shutdown
+    else if a == "Sync" { is_sync_prop = true }                             # @Sync property (N2)
+    else if a == "Owned" { is_owned = true }                                # @Owned model (N3)
+    else if a == "Server" { role = "server" }                              # @Server handler (N5)
+    else if a == "Predicted" { role = "predicted" }                        # @Predicted handler (N5)
+    else if a == "ToServer" { remote_dir = "toserver" }                    # @ToServer event (N4)
+    else if a == "ToClients" { remote_dir = "toclients" }                  # @ToClients event (N4)
+    else if a == "System" { sys_phase = "Update"; if is_op("(") { pi += 1; sys_phase = eat_id(); eat_op(")") } }   # @System(Phase) binary-module system (#64)
+    else if a == "EngineSystem" { eat_op("("); esys_comp = eat_id(); eat_op(","); esys_phase = eat_id(); eat_op(")") }   # @EngineSystem(Comp, Phase) package engine system (#62)
+    else if a == "Namespace" { eat_op("("); ns_name = eat_id(); eat_op(")") }   # @Namespace(Name) package Foo.* namespace (#62)
+    else if a == "ClearColor" {                    # @ClearColor(colour) — Render auto-clear + auto-present (#86)
+      eat_op("(")
+      g_clear_color = expr()                        # a literal, a `const`, or a Color.Name — resolved when emitted
+      g_has_clear_color = true
+      eat_op(")")
+    }
+    else if is_op("(") {                           # any other @anno(args) — parsed and skipped
+      var d = 0
+      while true { if is_op("(") { d += 1 };  if is_op(")") { d -= 1 };  pi += 1;  if d == 0 { break } }
+    }
     skipnl()
   }
-  if is_id("import") { pi = pi + 1
+  if is_id("import") { pi += 1
     let t = toks[pi]
     if t.kind != TK_STR { perr("expected \"path\" after import") }
-    let rel = t.text;  pi = pi + 1
+    let rel = t.text;  pi += 1
     do_import(rel)
     return
   }
@@ -685,7 +735,7 @@ function parse_one_decl() -> void {
   }
   if is_id("property") {
     let c = parse_component()
-    if is_sync_prop { var fi = 0; while fi < len(c.kids) { c.kids[fi].ival = 1; fi = fi + 1 } }   # N2: mark every field replicable
+    if is_sync_prop { var fi = 0; while fi < len(c.kids) { c.kids[fi].ival = 1; fi += 1 } }   # N2: mark every field replicable
     push(prog, c); return
   }
   if is_id("model") {
@@ -712,10 +762,10 @@ function parse_one_decl() -> void {
     if (onattach_prop != null) { register_onattach(onattach_prop, h.a);  if is_public { ensure_event(`prop_{onattach_prop}_attach`, false) };  return }    # -> prop_<P>_attach
     if (ondetach_prop != null) { register_ondetach(ondetach_prop, h.a);  if is_public { ensure_event(`prop_{ondetach_prop}_detach`, false) };  return }    # -> prop_<P>_detach
     if (onenable_prop != null) { register_onenable(onenable_prop, h.a);  if is_public { ensure_event(`prop_{onenable_prop}_enable`, false) };  return }    # -> prop_<P>_enable
-    if (ondisable_prop != null) { register_ondisable(ondisable_prop, h.a);  if is_public { ensure_event(`prop_{ondisable_prop}_disable`, false) };  return } # -> prop_<P>_disable
+    if (ondisable_prop != null) { register_ondisable(ondisable_prop, h.a);  if is_public { ensure_event(`prop_{ondisable_prop}_disable`, false) };  return }  # -> prop_<P>_disable
     if (hook_phase != null) {                                                         # @OnStart/@OnQuit
       h.ty = hook_phase
-      if is_public {                                                                  # -> program_start / program_quit
+      if is_public {                                                            # -> program_start / program_quit
         if (hook_phase == "Start") { ensure_event_empty("program_start") }
         else { ensure_event_empty("program_quit") }
       }
@@ -741,7 +791,7 @@ function parse_one_decl() -> void {
   if is_id("extern") { push(prog, parse_extern()); return }
   if is_id("entry")  { push(prog, parse_main()); return }
   if is_id("test")   { push(g_tests, parse_test()); return }
-  perr("expected declaration")
+  perr(`expected a declaration (property, model, handler, function, …), got {tok_desc()}`)
 }
 
 # test "name" { ... } — a named test block, collected into g_tests. The block
@@ -749,12 +799,12 @@ function parse_one_decl() -> void {
 # inside it record failures. Kept out of `prog` so it never emits as a plain fn.
 function parse_test() -> Node {
   let ln = toks[pi].line
-  pi = pi + 1                                    # past `test`
+  pi += 1                                    # past `test`
   if toks[pi].kind != TK_STR { perr("expected a \"name\" string after test") }
   let n = node(N_TEST)
   n.s = toks[pi].text
   n.line = ln
-  pi = pi + 1                                    # past the name
+  pi += 1                                    # past the name
   n.a = block()
   return n
 }
@@ -771,17 +821,7 @@ function parse_test() -> Node {
 # import resolves exactly as before (the emitted IR is byte-identical).
 # true when `rel` is an engine-runtime splice path ("runtime/..."), as opposed to
 # a user or package import. Those ship with the toolchain, not the project (#75).
-function is_runtime_path(rel: pointer) -> bool {
-  if rel[0] != 114 { return false }   # r
-  if rel[1] != 117 { return false }   # u
-  if rel[2] != 110 { return false }   # n
-  if rel[3] != 116 { return false }   # t
-  if rel[4] != 105 { return false }   # i
-  if rel[5] != 109 { return false }   # m
-  if rel[6] != 101 { return false }   # e
-  if rel[7] != 47  { return false }   # /
-  return true
-}
+function is_runtime_path(rel: pointer) -> bool { return str_starts(rel, "runtime/") }
 
 # byte-wise `a < b`, for a stable import order of a directory's files
 function str_less(a: pointer, b: pointer) -> bool {
@@ -790,7 +830,7 @@ function str_less(a: pointer, b: pointer) -> bool {
     let ca = a[i];  let cb = b[i]
     if ca != cb { return ca < cb }
     if ca == 0 { return false }
-    i = i + 1
+    i += 1
   }
   return false
 }
@@ -804,16 +844,16 @@ function do_import_dir(rel: pointer) -> void {
   while i < len(names) {                          # selection sort by name
     var best = i
     var j = i + 1
-    while j < len(names) { if str_less(names[j], names[best]) { best = j };  j = j + 1 }
+    while j < len(names) { if str_less(names[j], names[best]) { best = j };  j += 1 }
     let t = names[i];  names[i] = names[best];  names[best] = t
-    i = i + 1
+    i += 1
   }
   i = 0
   while i < len(names) {
     let nm = names[i]
     let n = len(nm)
     if (n > 6) and (nm[n - 6..n] == ".ludic") { do_import(dir + ("/") + nm) }
-    i = i + 1
+    i += 1
   }
 }
 
@@ -827,13 +867,13 @@ function do_import(rel: pointer) -> void {
   # install root $LUDIC_HOME (default: the compiler binary's directory) — the same
   # place main.ludic finds cocoa.ll / audio.ll. This is tried before the package
   # module root, so $LUDIC_MODULES / ludic_modules holds only third-party packages.
-  if (src == null) and (rel[0] != 47) and is_runtime_path(rel) {
+  if (src == null) and (rel[0] != '/') and is_runtime_path(rel) {
     let home = ensure_slash(getenv_or("LUDIC_HOME", dir_of(arg(0))))
     let hc = home + rel
     let hs = read_file(hc)
     if (hs != null) { full = hc;  src = hs }
   }
-  if (src == null) and (rel[0] != 47) {
+  if (src == null) and (rel[0] != '/') {
     let cand = ensure_slash(getenv_or("LUDIC_MODULES", "ludic_modules")) + rel
     let s2 = read_file(cand)
     if (s2 != null) { full = cand;  src = s2 }
@@ -848,16 +888,19 @@ function do_import(rel: pointer) -> void {
   let fl = len(full)
   if (fl >= len(atail)) and (full[fl - len(atail)..fl] == atail) { g_uses_audio = true }
   let saved_toks = toks;  let saved_pi = pi;  let saved_dir = cur_dir
+  let saved_file = g_parse_file;  let saved_parsing = g_parsing
   cur_dir = dir_of(full)
+  g_parse_file = full;  g_parsing = true
   lex(src)                                   # resets the global token stream
   pi = 0
   skipnl()
   while toks[pi].kind != TK_EOF { parse_one_decl(); skipnl() }
   toks = saved_toks;  pi = saved_pi;  cur_dir = saved_dir
+  g_parse_file = saved_file;  g_parsing = saved_parsing
 }
 
-# a game (has systems/components) links the Ludic runtime; auto-splice it the
-# way the C compiler does. Tools (a `main` block, no ECS) get nothing.
+# a game (has handlers/components) links the Ludic runtime; auto-splice it.
+# Tools (an `entry` block, no ECS) get nothing.
 function maybe_splice_runtime() -> void {
   let saved = cur_dir
   # a game (has systems/components) links the Ludic runtime.
@@ -1105,7 +1148,7 @@ function parse_program() -> void {
   g_uses_esys = false
   g_uses_input = false
   g_has_clear_color = false
-  g_clear_color = 0
+  g_clear_color = null
   g_warned_draw_sprite = false
   g_uses_world_despawn = false
   g_uses_light = false
@@ -1138,15 +1181,15 @@ function parse_program() -> void {
   skipnl()
   g_game_name = "Ludic"
   # imports may precede the program block
-  while is_id("import") { pi = pi + 1; let t = toks[pi];  let rel = t.text;  pi = pi + 1;  do_import(rel); skipnl() }
+  while is_id("import") { pi += 1; let t = toks[pi];  let rel = t.text;  pi += 1;  do_import(rel); skipnl() }
   # @annotations on the program itself (e.g. @Handles(Movement)) — parsed, skipped
   while is_op("@") {
-    pi = pi + 1; let a = eat_id()
+    pi += 1; let a = eat_id()
     if is_op("(") { var d = 0
-      while true { if is_op("(") { d = d + 1 };  if is_op(")") { d = d - 1 };  pi = pi + 1;  if d == 0 { break } } }
+      while true { if is_op("(") { d += 1 };  if is_op(")") { d -= 1 };  pi += 1;  if d == 0 { break } } }
     skipnl()
   }
-  if is_id("program") { pi = pi + 1; g_game_name = eat_id(); skipnl(); eat_op("{") }
+  if is_id("program") { pi += 1; g_game_name = eat_id(); skipnl(); eat_op("{") }
   while true {
     skipnl()
     if toks[pi].kind == TK_EOF { break }

selfhost/frontend/parse_game.ludic

@@ -1,19 +1,18 @@
-# parse_game.ludic — the ECS front-end: component and system declarations,
-# `for (vars) in query [terms] where cond`, spawn and despawn. Mirrors the
-# game-construct parsing in compiler/front/parse.c.
+# parse_game.ludic — the ECS front-end: property, model, handler, scene, ui and
+# enum declarations, `for (vars) in query [terms] where cond`, spawn and prefab.
 
 function parse_component() -> Node {
-  pi = pi + 1; let n = node(N_COMP); n.s = eat_id(); skipnl(); eat_op("{")
+  pi += 1; let n = node(N_COMP); n.s = eat_id(); skipnl(); eat_op("{")
   while true { skipnl(); if is_op("}") { break }
     var is_computed = false
     var is_sync = false                              # @Sync — this field replicates (NETWORKING N2)
-    if is_op("@") { pi = pi + 1; let ann = eat_id(); if (ann == "Computed") { is_computed = true } else { if (ann == "Sync") { is_sync = true } }; skipnl() }
+    if is_op("@") { pi += 1; let ann = eat_id(); if ann == "Computed" { is_computed = true } else if ann == "Sync" { is_sync = true }; skipnl() }
     let f = node(N_FIELD); f.s = eat_id(); eat_op(":"); f.ty = ptype()
-    if is_op("=") { pi = pi + 1; f.a = expr() }
+    if is_op("=") { pi += 1; f.a = expr() }
     if is_sync { f.ival = 1 }                         # mark the field replicable (read by emit_net)
     if is_computed { register_computed(n.s, f.s, f.ty, f.a) }   # derived: no storage
     else { push(n.kids, f) }
-    if is_op(",") { pi = pi + 1 } }
+    if is_op(",") { pi += 1 } }
   eat_op("}"); return n
 }
 
@@ -21,29 +20,33 @@ function parse_component() -> Node {
 # field grammar as a `property`, but stored in g_events, not prog: an event is a
 # signal shape, not per-entity storage. Zero fields is allowed (`event Ping {}`).
 function parse_event() -> Node {
-  pi = pi + 1; let n = node(N_EVENT)
-  if is_id("cancellable") { pi = pi + 1; n.ival = 1 }   # a decision event: listeners may `cancel` it
+  pi += 1; let n = node(N_EVENT)
+  if is_id("cancellable") { pi += 1; n.ival = 1 }   # a decision event: listeners may `cancel` it
   n.s = eat_id(); skipnl(); eat_op("{")
   while true { skipnl(); if is_op("}") { break }
     let f = node(N_FIELD); f.s = eat_id(); eat_op(":"); f.ty = ptype()
-    if is_op("=") { pi = pi + 1; f.a = expr() }
+    if is_op("=") { pi += 1; f.a = expr() }
     push(n.kids, f)
-    if is_op(",") { pi = pi + 1 } }
+    if is_op(",") { pi += 1 } }
   eat_op("}"); return n
 }
 
 function parse_system() -> Node {
-  pi = pi + 1; let n = node(N_SYS); n.s = eat_id(); n.ty = "Update"
+  pi += 1; let n = node(N_SYS); n.s = eat_id(); n.ty = "Update"
   # postfix clauses on `handler Name …`: @anno(...) (parsed and reserved, e.g.
   # @deterministic / @Reads(...) / @Writes(...)) and `phase X`. The handler's
   # query lives in a prefix `@Queries(...)` annotation (see parse_one_decl), not
   # in a signature clause.
   while true {
     skipnl()                                   # clauses may span several lines
-    if is_op("@") { pi = pi + 1; let a = eat_id();  if is_op("(") { var d = 0    # @anno, one per turn so a
-        while true { if is_op("(") { d = d + 1 };  if is_op(")") { d = d - 1 };  pi = pi + 1;  if d == 0 { break } } }
+    if is_op("@") { pi += 1; let a = eat_id();  if is_op("(") { var d = 0    # @anno, one per turn so a
+        while true { if is_op("(") { d += 1 };  if is_op(")") { d -= 1 };  pi += 1;  if d == 0 { break } } }
       continue }                               # newline-separated @anno re-skips at the loop top
-    if is_id("phase") { pi = pi + 1; n.ty = eat_id(); continue }
+    if is_id("phase") {
+      pi += 1;  n.ty = eat_id()
+      if not is_phase_name(n.ty) { perr(`unknown phase '{n.ty}' (expected Start, Input, FixedUpdate, Update, LateUpdate, Render or Overlay)`) }
+      continue
+    }
     break
   }
   skipnl()
@@ -57,12 +60,12 @@ function parse_query_tail() -> Node {
   eat_op("[")
   let q = node(N_BLOCK)
   while not is_op("]") {
-    if is_op("{") { pi = pi + 1; let t = node(E_ID); t.s = eat_id(); t.ival = 1; push(q.kids, t); eat_op("}") }
+    if is_op("{") { pi += 1; let t = node(E_ID); t.s = eat_id(); t.ival = 1; push(q.kids, t); eat_op("}") }
     else { let t = node(E_ID); t.s = eat_id(); t.ival = 0; push(q.kids, t) }
-    if is_op(",") { pi = pi + 1 }
+    if is_op(",") { pi += 1 }
   }
   eat_op("]")
-  if is_id("where") { pi = pi + 1; q.a = expr() }
+  if is_id("where") { pi += 1; q.a = expr() }
   return q
 }
 
@@ -70,11 +73,11 @@ function parse_query_tail() -> Node {
 function parse_query_for() -> Node {
   let n = node(S_QUERY)
   eat_op("(")
-  while not is_op(")") { let v = node(E_ID); v.s = eat_id(); push(n.kids, v); if is_op(",") { pi = pi + 1 } }
+  while not is_op(")") { let v = node(E_ID); v.s = eat_id(); push(n.kids, v); if is_op(",") { pi += 1 } }
   eat_op(")")
   let inkw = eat_id()                        # 'in'
   if not is_id("query") { perr("expected 'query' in for-loop") }
-  pi = pi + 1                                # 'query'
+  pi += 1                                # 'query'
   n.c = parse_query_tail()
   n.b = n.c.a                                # where
   n.a = block()
@@ -127,16 +130,16 @@ function parse_queries_anno() -> Node {
         let pname = eat_id()
         let v = node(E_ID); v.s = pname; push(qn.kids, v)              # binding var = property name
         let t = node(E_ID); t.s = pname; t.ival = 0; push(terms.kids, t)
-        if is_op("{") { pi = pi + 1; let ce = expr(); eat_op("}")
+        if is_op("{") { pi += 1; let ce = expr(); eat_op("}")
           let cb = node(E_ID); cb.s = pname; wh = mk_and(wh, qualify_fields(ce, cb)) }
-        if is_op(",") { pi = pi + 1 }
+        if is_op(",") { pi += 1 }
         skipnl()
       }
       eat_op("]")
     } else { if (key == "on") {
       let mname = eat_id(); let t = node(E_ID); t.s = mname; t.ival = 1; push(terms.kids, t)   # {Model} tag
     } else { expr() } }                                                # unknown key: skip its value
-    if is_op(",") { pi = pi + 1 }
+    if is_op(",") { pi += 1 }
     skipnl()
   }
   eat_op(")")
@@ -145,7 +148,7 @@ function parse_queries_anno() -> Node {
 }
 
 function parse_spawn() -> Node {
-  pi = pi + 1; let n = node(S_SPAWN); n.s = eat_id(); skipnl(); eat_op("{")
+  pi += 1; let n = node(S_SPAWN); n.s = eat_id(); skipnl(); eat_op("{")
   parse_component_records(n)
   eat_op("}"); return n
 }
@@ -156,14 +159,14 @@ function parse_component_records(n: Node) -> void {
     let ci = node(E_FINIT); ci.s = eat_id()
     ci.a = record()                          # Comp { field: val, ... } — no `=` before the record
     push(n.kids, ci)
-    if is_op(",") { pi = pi + 1 }
+    if is_op(",") { pi += 1 }
   }
 }
 # prefab Name: Model { Comp { field: val }, ... } — a model with preset fields.
 # `spawn Name { ... }` spawns the model with the prefab's fields, then the spawn's
 # own overrides on top; `Prefab.spawn(name: "Name")` does it by name at runtime.
 function parse_prefab() -> Node {
-  pi = pi + 1; let n = node(N_PREFAB); n.s = eat_id(); eat_op(":"); n.ty = eat_id(); skipnl(); eat_op("{")
+  pi += 1; let n = node(N_PREFAB); n.s = eat_id(); eat_op(":"); n.ty = eat_id(); skipnl(); eat_op("{")
   parse_component_records(n)
   eat_op("}"); return n
 }
@@ -175,7 +178,7 @@ function parse_prefab() -> Node {
 # ordinary N_SYS nodes, tagged with the owning scene in `.c`, so the whole
 # system backend (functions, phases, enable/disable) is reused unchanged.
 function parse_scene() -> void {
-  pi = pi + 1                                # 'scene'
+  pi += 1                                # 'scene'
   let n = node(N_SCENE); n.s = eat_id()
   n.ival = g_scene_count
   # optional modifiers after the name, any order: `start` (the boot scene) and
@@ -185,33 +188,34 @@ function parse_scene() -> void {
   var then_scene: pointer = null
   var loads_then: pointer = null             # loads then Next: pump the Assets queue, draw a bar, go on when ready
   while is_id("start") or is_id("public") or is_id("shows") or is_id("lasts") or is_id("loads") {
-    if is_id("start") { pi = pi + 1; g_start_scene = g_scene_count }
-    else { if is_id("shows") { pi = pi + 1; n.ty = eat_id() }    # shows Menu: the engine opens, renders and closes it
-    else { if is_id("lasts") { pi = pi + 1; lasts = expr(); if not is_id("then") { perr("lasts N needs `then Scene`") }; pi = pi + 1; then_scene = eat_id() }
-    else { if is_id("loads") { pi = pi + 1; if not is_id("then") { perr("loads needs `then Scene`") }; pi = pi + 1; loads_then = eat_id(); g_uses_atlas = true }
-    else { pi = pi + 1; is_pub = true } } } }
+    if is_id("start") { pi += 1; g_start_scene = g_scene_count }
+    else if is_id("shows") { pi += 1; n.ty = eat_id() }    # shows Menu: the engine opens, renders and closes it
+    else if is_id("lasts") { pi += 1; lasts = expr(); if not is_id("then") { perr("lasts N needs `then Scene`") }; pi += 1; then_scene = eat_id() }
+    else if is_id("loads") { pi += 1; if not is_id("then") { perr("loads needs `then Scene`") }; pi += 1; loads_then = eat_id(); g_uses_atlas = true }
+    else { pi += 1; is_pub = true }
   }
-  g_scene_count = g_scene_count + 1
+  g_scene_count += 1
   if is_pub { ensure_event_empty(`scene_{n.s}_enter`);  ensure_event_empty(`scene_{n.s}_exit`) }
   skipnl(); eat_op("{")
   while true {
     skipnl(); if is_op("}") { break }
     if is_id("on") {                         # on enter { .. } / on exit { .. }
-      pi = pi + 1; let which = eat_id(); skipnl()
-      if (which == "enter") { n.a = block() }
-      else { if (which == "exit") { n.b = block() } else { perr("expected 'enter' or 'exit' after 'on'") } }
+      pi += 1; let which = eat_id(); skipnl()
+      if which == "enter" { n.a = block() }
+      else if which == "exit" { n.b = block() }
+      else { perr("expected 'enter' or 'exit' after 'on'") }
       continue
     }
     if is_id("layer") {                      # layer Name [public] { handler .. }
-      pi = pi + 1; let lname = eat_id()
-      if is_id("public") { pi = pi + 1; ensure_event_empty(`layer_{lname}_show`);  ensure_event_empty(`layer_{lname}_hide`) }
+      pi += 1; let lname = eat_id()
+      if is_id("public") { pi += 1; ensure_event_empty(`layer_{lname}_show`);  ensure_event_empty(`layer_{lname}_hide`) }
       skipnl(); eat_op("{")
       let ltag = node(E_ID); ltag.s = lname   # the layer name, tagged onto each handler
       while true {
         skipnl(); if is_op("}") { break }
         var qspec: Node = null               # `@Queries(...)` makes the handler run once per matching entity
         while is_op("@") {
-          pi = pi + 1; let a = eat_id()
+          pi += 1; let a = eat_id()
           if (a == "Queries") { qspec = parse_queries_anno() }
           else { perr(`a handler inside a layer may only carry @Queries (got @{a})`) }
           skipnl()
@@ -260,7 +264,7 @@ function scene_add_timer(sc: Node, frames: Node, next: pointer) -> void {
   let set = node(S_ASSIGN); set.s = "="; let lhs = node(E_ID); lhs.s = counter; set.a = lhs; set.b = frames
   let ins = new []Node; push(ins, set)
   var i = 0
-  while i < len(sc.a.kids) { push(ins, sc.a.kids[i]); i = i + 1 }
+  while i < len(sc.a.kids) { push(ins, sc.a.kids[i]); i += 1 }
   sc.a.kids = ins
   let h = node(N_SYS); h.s = `{sc.s}_Timer`; h.ty = "Update"; h.c = sc
   let body = node(N_BLOCK)
@@ -281,7 +285,7 @@ function ui_register_gotos() -> void {
   var i = 0
   while i < len(prog) {
     if prog[i].kind == N_UI and prog[i].ival == 1 { ui_gotos_in(prog[i].a) }
-    i = i + 1
+    i += 1
   }
 }
 function ui_gotos_in(w: Node) -> void {
@@ -292,7 +296,7 @@ function ui_gotos_in(w: Node) -> void {
     let pr = w.b.kids[p]
     if (pr.s == "id") and (pr.a.kind == E_ID) { idn = pr.a.s }
     if (pr.s == "goto") and (pr.a.kind == E_ID) { goto = pr.a.s }
-    p = p + 1
+    p += 1
   }
   if (idn != null) and (goto != null) {
     let body = node(N_BLOCK)
@@ -303,7 +307,7 @@ function ui_gotos_in(w: Node) -> void {
     register_onlisten("UiClicked", body)
   }
   var k = 0
-  while k < len(w.kids) { ui_gotos_in(w.kids[k]); k = k + 1 }
+  while k < len(w.kids) { ui_gotos_in(w.kids[k]); k += 1 }
 }
 
 # enum Name { A, B, C } — named int constants; a variant's value is its index.
@@ -318,17 +322,17 @@ function ui_gotos_in(w: Node) -> void {
 # Each variant node is an E_ID (s=variant name); its payload types are stored as
 # N_PARAM kids, one per slot, carrying only `.ty`.
 function parse_enum() -> Node {
-  pi = pi + 1; let n = node(N_ENUM); n.s = eat_id(); skipnl(); eat_op("{")
+  pi += 1; let n = node(N_ENUM); n.s = eat_id(); skipnl(); eat_op("{")
   while true { skipnl(); if is_op("}") { break }
     let v = node(E_ID); v.s = eat_id()
     if is_op("(") {                              # variant payload: Door(int), Portal(int, int)
-      pi = pi + 1; skipnl()
-      while not is_op(")") {
-        let p = node(N_PARAM); p.ty = ptype(); push(v.kids, p)
-        if is_op(",") { pi = pi + 1 };  skipnl() }
-      eat_op(")") }
+    pi += 1; skipnl()
+    while not is_op(")") {
+      let p = node(N_PARAM); p.ty = ptype(); push(v.kids, p)
+      if is_op(",") { pi += 1 };  skipnl() }
+    eat_op(")") }
     push(n.kids, v)
-    if is_op(",") { pi = pi + 1 };  skipnl() }
+    if is_op(",") { pi += 1 };  skipnl() }
   eat_op("}"); return n
 }
 
@@ -338,28 +342,28 @@ function parse_enum() -> Node {
 # per model use-site — the same property syncs in one model, not another. The
 # per-member @Sync sets the member E_ID's ival=1 (read by emit_net).
 function parse_archetype() -> Node {
-  pi = pi + 1; let n = node(N_ARCH); n.s = eat_id(); skipnl(); eat_op("{")
+  pi += 1; let n = node(N_ARCH); n.s = eat_id(); skipnl(); eat_op("{")
   while true { skipnl(); if is_op("}") { break }
     let c = node(E_ID)
-    if is_op("@") { pi = pi + 1; let a = eat_id(); if (a == "Sync") { c.ival = 1 }; skipnl() }
+    if is_op("@") { pi += 1; let a = eat_id(); if (a == "Sync") { c.ival = 1 }; skipnl() }
     c.s = eat_id(); push(n.kids, c)
-    if is_op(",") { pi = pi + 1 };  skipnl() }
+    if is_op(",") { pi += 1 };  skipnl() }
   eat_op("}"); return n
 }
 
 # extern function name(params) -> T = "symbol"
 function parse_extern() -> Node {
-  pi = pi + 1                                # 'extern'
+  pi += 1                                # 'extern'
   let fnkw = eat_id()                        # 'fn'
   let n = node(N_EXTERN); n.s = eat_id(); eat_op("(")
   while not is_op(")") { let p = node(N_PARAM); p.s = eat_id(); eat_op(":"); p.ty = ptype(); push(n.kids, p)
-    if is_op(",") { pi = pi + 1 } }
+    if is_op(",") { pi += 1 } }
   eat_op(")")
   n.ty = "void"
-  if is_op("->") { pi = pi + 1; n.ty = ptype() }
+  if is_op("->") { pi += 1; n.ty = ptype() }
   eat_op("=")
   let t = toks[pi]                           # "symbol"
-  n.a = node(E_STR); n.a.s = t.text;  pi = pi + 1
+  n.a = node(E_STR); n.a.s = t.text;  pi += 1
   return n
 }
 
@@ -371,13 +375,13 @@ function parse_widget() -> Node {
     let pr = node(E_FINIT); pr.s = eat_id(); eat_op(":"); pr.a = expr(); push(w.b.kids, pr)   # widget prop `key: value` (Rule A)
   }
   skipnl()
-  if is_op("{") { pi = pi + 1
+  if is_op("{") { pi += 1
     while true { skipnl(); if is_op("}") { break }; push(w.kids, parse_widget()) }
     eat_op("}") }
   return w
 }
 function parse_ui() -> Node {
-  pi = pi + 1; let n = node(N_UI); n.s = eat_id(); n.ival = 1   # ival=1 marks the top ui block
+  pi += 1; let n = node(N_UI); n.s = eat_id(); n.ival = 1   # ival=1 marks the top ui block
   skipnl(); eat_op("{"); skipnl()
   n.a = parse_widget()
   skipnl(); eat_op("}")

selfhost/main.ludic

@@ -11,14 +11,14 @@
 #   ludic  app.ludic                       # compile to a temp binary and run it
 #
 # The multi-call twist: when argv[0] is "ludic" it defaults to compile-and-run.
-# With no -o and no run, IR still goes to stdout — the contract build.sh and
-# reseed.sh rely on, so the bootstrap is untouched.
+# With no -o and no run, IR still goes to stdout — the contract `x reseed` and
+# `x bootstrap` rely on, so the bootstrap is untouched.
 
 # basename: the part of a path after the last '/'.
 function base_name(path: pointer) -> pointer {
-  var last = 0 - 1
+  var last = -1
   var i = 0
-  while path[i] != 0 { if path[i] == 47 { last = i };  i = i + 1 }
+  while path[i] != 0 { if path[i] == '/' { last = i };  i += 1 }
   return path[last + 1..i]
 }
 
@@ -42,8 +42,8 @@ function getenv_or(name: pointer, dflt: pointer) -> pointer {
 function ensure_slash(d: pointer) -> pointer {
   let n = len(d)
   if n == 0 { return d }
-  if d[n - 1] == 47 { return d }
-  return (d + ("/"))
+  if d[n - 1] == '/' { return d }
+  return d + "/"
 }
 
 function die(msg: pointer) -> void {
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ function die(msg: pointer) -> void {
 # strip trailing newline/carriage-return/space (the VERSION file's trailing \n)
 function chomp(s: pointer) -> pointer {
   var n = len(s)
-  while (n > 0) and ((s[n - 1] == 10) or (s[n - 1] == 13) or (s[n - 1] == 32)) { n = n - 1 }
+  while (n > 0) and ((s[n - 1] == '\n') or (s[n - 1] == '\r') or (s[n - 1] == ' ')) { n -= 1 }
   return s[0..n]
 }
 
@@ -85,25 +85,23 @@ entry {
   var ai = 1
   while ai < arg_count() {
     let a = arg(ai)
-    if (a == ("--version")) { show_version() }
-    else { if (a == ("--windowed")) { want = 1 }
-    else { if (a == ("--headless")) { want = 2 }
-    else { if (a == ("--emit-llvm")) { emit_ir = true }
-    else { if (a == ("--emit-module")) { g_emit_module = true;  emit_ir = true }   # issue #64: prebuilt binary module IR
-    else { if (a == ("--fmt")) { fmt = true }
-    else { if (a == ("--save-temps")) { save = true }
-    else { if (a == ("--run")) { run = true }
-    else { if (a == ("--coverage")) { g_coverage = true }
-    else { if (a == ("-o")) { ai = ai + 1;  if ai < arg_count() { out = arg(ai) } }
-    else {
-      # an unknown flag is ignored (with a note) rather than mistaken for the
-      # input file — '-' is ASCII 45
-      if a[0] == 45 {
-        let m = `ludicc: ignoring unknown flag {a}\n`
-        file_write(file_stderr(), m, len(m))
-      } else { path = a }
-    } } } } } } } } } }
-    ai = ai + 1
+    if a == "--version" { show_version() }
+    else if a == "--windowed" { want = 1 }
+    else if a == "--headless" { want = 2 }
+    else if a == "--emit-llvm" { emit_ir = true }
+    else if a == "--emit-module" { g_emit_module = true;  emit_ir = true }   # issue #64: prebuilt binary module IR
+    else if a == "--fmt" { fmt = true }
+    else if a == "--save-temps" { save = true }
+    else if a == "--run" { run = true }
+    else if a == "--coverage" { g_coverage = true }
+    else if a == "-o" { ai += 1;  if ai < arg_count() { out = arg(ai) } }
+    else if a[0] == '-' {
+      # an unknown flag is ignored (with a note) rather than mistaken for the input file
+      let m = `ludicc: ignoring unknown flag {a}\n`
+      file_write(file_stderr(), m, len(m))
+    }
+    else { path = a }
+    ai += 1
   }
 
   if (path == null) {
@@ -114,6 +112,7 @@ entry {
 
   cur_dir = dir_of(path)
   g_src_name = base_name(path)                    # for panic/expect file:line messages
+  g_parse_file = path                             # for the compiler's own file:line diagnostics
   lex(src)
   parse_program()
   g_prog_user_end = len(prog)                     # decls from the user's source; runtime splice appends after
@@ -128,12 +127,13 @@ entry {
 
   # a game gets a window by default; a plain program stays headless. An explicit
   # flag always wins. The stdout-IR path (no target) also stays headless, which
-  # is what reseed.sh compiles the compiler itself with.
-  let has_target = run or ((out != null))
+  # is what `x reseed` compiles the compiler itself with.
+  let has_target = run or (out != null)
   if want == 1 { g_windowed = true }
-  else { if want == 2 { g_windowed = false }
-  else { g_windowed = has_target and has_systems() } }
+  else if want == 2 { g_windowed = false }
+  else { g_windowed = has_target and has_systems() }
 
+  g_parsing = false                               # lowering errors now locate by statement, not token
   emit_program()
 
   # --emit-llvm, or no binary target: emit IR and stop (stdout when out is null).

selfhost/support/buf.ludic

@@ -13,17 +13,17 @@ function buf_new() -> Buf {
 }
 function buf_ensure(b: Buf, extra: int) -> void {
   if b.len + extra + 1 <= b.cap { return }
-  while b.len + extra + 1 > b.cap { b.cap = b.cap * 2 }
+  while b.len + extra + 1 > b.cap { b.cap *= 2 }
   b.data = resize(b.data, b.cap)
 }
 function buf_putc(b: Buf, c: int) -> void {
   buf_ensure(b, 1)
   b.data[b.len] = c
-  b.len = b.len + 1
+  b.len += 1
 }
 function buf_puts(b: Buf, s: pointer) -> void {
   var i = 0
-  while s[i] != 0 { buf_putc(b, s[i]); i = i + 1 }
+  while s[i] != 0 { buf_putc(b, s[i]); i += 1 }
 }
 function buf_puti(b: Buf, n: int) -> void { buf_puts(b, itoa(n)) }
 function buf_str(b: Buf) -> pointer { b.data[b.len] = 0; return b.data }

selfhost/support/io.ludic

@@ -17,6 +17,6 @@ function read_file(path: string) -> pointer {
 # length of a NUL-terminated buffer
 function cstr_len(s: pointer) -> int {
   var n = 0
-  while s[n] != 0 { n = n + 1 }
+  while s[n] != 0 { n += 1 }
   return n
 }

selfhost/support/str.ludic

@@ -2,32 +2,37 @@
 # slicing out substrings, and integer<->text. All over raw NUL-terminated
 # byte buffers reached with peek8/poke8.
 
-# a fresh NUL-terminated copy of src[start .. start+n]
-
-function char_is_digit(c: int) -> bool { return c >= 48 and c <= 57 }
+function char_is_digit(c: int) -> bool { return c >= '0' and c <= '9' }
 function char_is_alpha(c: int) -> bool {
-  if c >= 65 and c <= 90 { return true }
-  if c >= 97 and c <= 122 { return true }
-  return c == 95
+  if c >= 'A' and c <= 'Z' { return true }
+  if c >= 'a' and c <= 'z' { return true }
+  return c == '_'
 }
 function char_is_alnum(c: int) -> bool { return char_is_alpha(c) or char_is_digit(c) }
 
+# does `s` begin with `prefix`? (byte-wise; both NUL-terminated)
+function str_starts(s: pointer, prefix: pointer) -> bool {
+  var i = 0
+  while prefix[i] != 0 { if s[i] != prefix[i] { return false };  i += 1 }
+  return true
+}
+
 # integer -> fresh decimal string
 function itoa(v: int) -> pointer {
-  if v == 0 { let z = bytes(2); z[0] = 48; z[1] = 0; return z }
+  if v == 0 { let z = bytes(2); z[0] = '0'; z[1] = 0; return z }
   var neg = false
   var x = v
-  if x < 0 { neg = true;  x = 0 - x }
+  if x < 0 { neg = true;  x = -x }
   let tmp = bytes(16)
   var n = 0
-  while x > 0 { tmp[n] = 48 + x % 10;  x = x / 10;  n = n + 1 }
+  while x > 0 { tmp[n] = 48 + x % 10;  x /= 10;  n += 1 }
   var total = n
-  if neg { total = total + 1 }
+  if neg { total += 1 }
   let out = bytes(total + 1)
   var k = 0
-  if neg { out[0] = 45;  k = 1 }
+  if neg { out[0] = '-';  k = 1 }
   var i = 0
-  while i < n { out[k + i] = tmp[n - 1 - i];  i = i + 1 }
+  while i < n { out[k + i] = tmp[n - 1 - i];  i += 1 }
   out[total] = 0
   return out
 }

selfhost/tests/control.ludic

@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 program T {
-  function fib(n: int) -> int { if n < 2 { return n };  return fib(n-1) + fib(n-2) }
+  function fib(n: int) -> int { if n < 2 { return n };  return fib(n - 1) + fib(n - 2) }
   entry {
     print(fib(10))                 # 55
     var s = 0
-    for i in 0 .. 10 { if i == 5 { break };  if i % 2 == 0 { continue };  s = s + i }
+    for i in 0 .. 10 { if i == 5 { break };  if i % 2 == 0 { continue };  s += i }
     print(s)                       # 1+3 = 4
     var i = 0;  var t = 0
-    while true { i = i + 1;  if i > 5 { break };  t = t + i }
+    while true { i += 1;  if i > 5 { break };  t += i }
     print(t)                       # 15
-    if false and (1/0 == 0) { print(999) } else { print(1) }   # short-circuit: no div by zero
+    if false and (1 / 0 == 0) { print(999) } else { print(1) }   # short-circuit: no div by zero
   }
 }

selfhost/tests/crypto.ludic

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ program T {
     let payload = "score=9001;level=12"
     let mac = Crypto.hmac_sha256(key, payload)
     if Crypto.verify_hmac(key, payload, mac) { print(1) } else { print(0) }              # 1: untampered
-    if Crypto.verify_hmac(key, "score=9999;level=12", mac) { print(1) } else { print(0) } # 0: tampered payload
+    if Crypto.verify_hmac(key, "score=9999;level=12", mac) { print(1) } else { print(0) }  # 0: tampered payload
     let forged = "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
     if Crypto.verify_hmac(key, payload, forged) { print(1) } else { print(0) }            # 0: forged mac
 

selfhost/tests/datetime.ludic

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ program T {
   entry {
     # Duration — spans in whole seconds
     print(Duration.hours(3))                          # 10800
-    print(Duration.minutes(5) + Duration.seconds(30)) # 330
+    print(Duration.minutes(5) + Duration.seconds(30))  # 330
     print(Duration.days(2))                           # 172800
     print(Duration.as_hours(10800))                   # 3
     print(Duration.as_days(172800))                   # 2
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ program T {
     let feb = Date.add_days(Date.new(2026, 1, 1), 31)
     print(Date.month(feb))                            # 2
     print(Date.day(feb))                              # 1
-    print(Date.diff_days(Date.new(2026, 1, 1), Date.new(2025, 1, 1))) # 365
+    print(Date.diff_days(Date.new(2026, 1, 1), Date.new(2025, 1, 1)))  # 365
 
     # DateTime — instant as seconds-since-1970
     let t = DateTime.from(2000, 1, 1, 12, 30, 15)
@@ -38,6 +38,6 @@ program T {
     print(DateTime.second(t))                         # 15
     print(DateTime.weekday(t))                        # 6
     print(DateTime.date(t))                           # 10957
-    print(DateTime.hour(DateTime.add(0, Duration.hours(1)))) # 1
+    print(DateTime.hour(DateTime.add(0, Duration.hours(1))))  # 1
   }
 }

selfhost/tests/datetime2.ludic

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ program T {
     print(DateTime.format(t, "DD/MM/YY"))     # 30/08/26
 
     # parse — round-trips to the same instant; missing fields default to midnight
-    print(DateTime.parse("2026-08-30", "YYYY-MM-DD") - Date.to_epoch(Date.new(2026, 8, 30))) # 0
+    print(DateTime.parse("2026-08-30", "YYYY-MM-DD") - Date.to_epoch(Date.new(2026, 8, 30)))  # 0
     print(DateTime.parse("zz", "YYYY"))       # -1 (non-digit -> parse fails)
 
     # Clock — the game-controlled simulated clock

selfhost/tests/enums.ludic

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ program T {
     let t = Portal(2, 40)
     match t {
       Empty, Wall => { print(100) }
-      Portal(x, y) => { print(x * y) } # 80
+      Portal(x, y) => { print(x * y) }  # 80
       _ => { print(999) }
     }
 

selfhost/tests/long.ludic

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ program T {
     print(x > y)                  # 1
     print(y < x)                  # 1
     print(x == x)                 # 1
-    print(0 - sq)                 # -1000000000000 (unary negate stays 64-bit)
+    print(-sq)                 # -1000000000000 (unary negate stays 64-bit)
     print(big)                    # 1000000
     print(Text.length(string(sq)))   # 13 — string(long) renders all 13 digits
   }

selfhost/tests/math.ludic

@@ -3,11 +3,11 @@ program T {
     # min / max / abs / clamp, now reachable under the Math namespace
     print(Math.min(3, 7))            # 3
     print(Math.max(3, 7))            # 7
-    print(Math.abs(0 - 5))           # 5
+    print(Math.abs(-5))           # 5
     print(Math.clamp(12, 0, 10))     # 10
 
     # sign -> -1 / 0 / 1
-    print(Math.sign(0 - 4))          # -1
+    print(Math.sign(-4))          # -1
     print(Math.sign(0))              # 0
     print(Math.sign(9))              # 1
 

selfhost/tests/math2.ludic

@@ -10,11 +10,11 @@ program T {
     print(Math.floor(Math.dist2(0.0, 0.0, 3.0, 4.0)))    # 25
     print(Math.floor(Math.deg_to_rad(180.0) * 1000.0))   # 3142
     print(Math.floor(Math.rad_to_deg(3.1415926)))        # 180
-    print(Math.posmod(0 - 1, 5))                          # 4
+    print(Math.posmod(-1, 5))                          # 4
     print(Math.wrap(12, 0, 10))                            # 2
     print(Math.ping_pong(13, 10))                          # 7
     print(Math.floor(Math.snapped(2.3, 0.5) * 10.0))      # 25
     print(Math.floor(Math.move_toward(0.0, 10.0, 3.0) * 10.0))  # 30
-    print(Math.floor(Math.smoothstep(0.0, 10.0, 5.0) * 1000.0)) # 500
+    print(Math.floor(Math.smoothstep(0.0, 10.0, 5.0) * 1000.0))  # 500
   }
 }

selfhost/tests/math3.ludic

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ program T {
     print(Math.round(Math.rad_to_deg(Math.atan2(1.0, 1.0))))            # 45
     print(Math.round(Math.rad_to_deg(Math.atan2(1.0, 0.0))))            # 90
     print(Math.round(Math.rad_to_deg(Math.atan2(0.0, 0.0 - 1.0))))      # 180
-    print(Math.round(Math.rad_to_deg(Math.atan2(0.0 - 1.0, 0.0 - 1.0)))) # -135
+    print(Math.round(Math.rad_to_deg(Math.atan2(0.0 - 1.0, 0.0 - 1.0))))  # -135
     print(Math.round(Math.rad_to_deg(Math.asin(0.5))))                  # 30
     print(Math.round(Math.rad_to_deg(Math.acos(0.5))))                  # 60
     print(Math.round(Math.rad_to_deg(Math.asin(1.0))))                  # 90

selfhost/tests/structs.ludic

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 program T {
   property P { x: int = 0, y: int = 7, next: P }
-  function bump(p: P) -> void { p.x = p.x + 100 }
+  function bump(p: P) -> void { p.x += 100 }
   entry {
     let a = new P
     print(a.y)            # 7 default

selfhost/tests/transcend.ludic

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ program T {
     print(Math.round(Math.pow(2.0, 10.0)))             # 1024      -> 1024
     print(Math.round(Math.pow(2.0, 0.5) * 1000))       # sqrt 2    -> 1414
     print(Math.round(Math.pow(9.0, 0.5)))              # 3         -> 3
-    print(Math.round(Math.pow(2.0, 0.0 - 2.0) * 1000)) # 0.25      -> 250
+    print(Math.round(Math.pow(2.0, 0.0 - 2.0) * 1000))  # 0.25      -> 250
     print(Math.round(Ease.elastic(0.0) * 1000))        # anchored  -> 0
     print(Math.round(Ease.elastic(1.0) * 1000))        # settles   -> 1000
     print(Math.round(Ease.elastic(0.5) * 1000))        # overshoot -> 1016

selfhost/tests/vector.ludic

@@ -13,13 +13,13 @@ program T {
     print(floor(Vector.y(d)))                 # 2
     print(floor(Vector.dot(a, b)))            # 11
     print(floor(Vector.distance(a, b)))       # 2  (sqrt 8)
-    print(floor(Vector.x(Vector.scale(a, 2.0)))) # 6
+    print(floor(Vector.x(Vector.scale(a, 2.0))))  # 6
     let n = Vector.normalize(a)
     print(floor(Vector.length(n) * 1000))     # 999 (unit)
     print(floor(Vector.x(Vector.from_angle(0.0)) * 1000))  # 999 (cos 0)
-    let r = Vector.rotate(Vector.make(1.0, 0.0), 1.5707963) # rotate 90 deg
+    let r = Vector.rotate(Vector.make(1.0, 0.0), 1.5707963)  # rotate 90 deg
     print(floor(Vector.y(r) * 1000))          # 999 (-> (0,1))
-    print(floor(Vector.angle(Vector.make(0.0, 1.0)) * 1000)) # pi/2 -> 1570
+    print(floor(Vector.angle(Vector.make(0.0, 1.0)) * 1000))  # pi/2 -> 1570
     let m = Vector.lerp(Vector.zero(), Vector.make(10.0, 20.0), 0.5)
     print(floor(Vector.x(m)))                 # 5
     print(floor(Vector.y(m)))                 # 10

tools/ci/forgejo_release.py

@@ -1,107 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python3
-"""Create a Forgejo release and attach build artifacts.
-
-    forgejo_release.py <tag> <body-file> <assets-dir>
-
-Reads the access token from $FORGEJO_TOKEN. `x release --publish` calls this
-after it has pushed the tag; it is the one piece of the release flow that speaks
-HTTP, which the Ludic task runner cannot do yet (a native Http client is issue
-#6). Python stdlib only — no third-party deps — matching the docgen tooling.
-
-Idempotent-ish: if the release for <tag> already exists it is reused, and each
-asset in <assets-dir> is uploaded (a duplicate name is skipped, not fatal).
-"""
-import json
-import os
-import sys
-import urllib.request
-import urllib.error
-
-API = "https://git.workshopsoft.io/api/v1/repos/workshopsoft/ludic"
-
-
-def token():
-    t = os.environ.get("FORGEJO_TOKEN", "").strip()
-    if not t:
-        sys.exit("forgejo_release: FORGEJO_TOKEN is not set")
-    return t
-
-
-def api(method, path, tok, data=None, headers=None, raw=False):
-    url = API + path
-    h = {"Authorization": "token " + tok}
-    body = None
-    if data is not None and not raw:
-        h["Content-Type"] = "application/json"
-        body = json.dumps(data).encode()
-    elif raw:
-        body = data
-        h.update(headers or {})
-    req = urllib.request.Request(url, data=body, headers=h, method=method)
-    with urllib.request.urlopen(req) as r:
-        return r.getcode(), json.loads(r.read().decode() or "null")
-
-
-def get_release_by_tag(tag, tok):
-    try:
-        _, rel = api("GET", "/releases/tags/" + tag, tok)
-        return rel
-    except urllib.error.HTTPError as e:
-        if e.code == 404:
-            return None
-        raise
-
-
-def main():
-    if len(sys.argv) != 4:
-        sys.exit(__doc__)
-    tag, body_file, assets_dir = sys.argv[1], sys.argv[2], sys.argv[3]
-    tok = token()
-
-    body = ""
-    if os.path.exists(body_file):
-        with open(body_file, encoding="utf-8") as fh:
-            body = fh.read()
-
-    rel = get_release_by_tag(tag, tok)
-    if rel is None:
-        _, rel = api("POST", "/releases", tok, {
-            "tag_name": tag,
-            "name": tag,
-            "body": body,
-            "draft": False,
-            "prerelease": tag.startswith("v0."),
-        })
-        print("created release", tag, "id", rel["id"])
-    else:
-        print("release", tag, "already exists (id %s); uploading assets" % rel["id"])
-
-    rid = rel["id"]
-    existing = {a["name"] for a in (rel.get("assets") or [])}
-    if os.path.isdir(assets_dir):
-        for name in sorted(os.listdir(assets_dir)):
-            if name in existing:
-                print("  skip (exists):", name)
-                continue
-            path = os.path.join(assets_dir, name)
-            if not os.path.isfile(path):
-                continue
-            with open(path, "rb") as fh:
-                blob = fh.read()
-            boundary = "----ludicrelease7f3b2a"
-            payload = (
-                ("--%s\r\n" % boundary)
-                + ('Content-Disposition: form-data; name="attachment"; filename="%s"\r\n' % name)
-                + "Content-Type: application/octet-stream\r\n\r\n"
-            ).encode() + blob + ("\r\n--%s--\r\n" % boundary).encode()
-            code, _ = api(
-                "POST", "/releases/%s/assets?name=%s" % (rid, name), tok,
-                data=payload, raw=True,
-                headers={"Content-Type": "multipart/form-data; boundary=" + boundary},
-            )
-            print("  uploaded:", name, "(HTTP %d)" % code)
-    print("done:", API + "/releases/tag/" + tag)
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    main()

tools/docgen/inventory.json

@@ -217,6 +217,7 @@
     "phase-fixedupdate",
     "phase-input",
     "phase-lateupdate",
+    "phase-overlay",
     "phase-render",
     "phase-start",
     "phase-update"
@@ -601,6 +602,7 @@
     "os-set_env",
     "os-unset_env",
     "os-exit",
+    "os-pid",
     "os-platform",
     "os-arch",
     "os-stdout_write",

tools/test-lsp.py

@@ -1,301 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python3
-"""Drive build/ludic-lsp over real LSP traffic against the real source tree.
-
-Every assertion here is about a feature an editor actually calls: if this
-passes, VS Code, JetBrains, Neovim and the rest are exercising code paths that
-have been checked, because they all speak to this one binary.
-"""
-import json
-import os
-import subprocess
-import sys
-
-ROOT = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
-# the toolchain binaries live in bin/ (built by `x tools`); LUDIC_LSP overrides.
-SERVER = os.environ.get("LUDIC_LSP", os.path.join(ROOT, "bin", "ludic-lsp"))
-
-passed = 0
-failed = 0
-
-
-def check(name, got, want):
-    global passed, failed
-    if got == want:
-        passed += 1
-        print(f"  ok    {name}")
-    else:
-        failed += 1
-        print(f"  FAIL  {name}\n        expected {want!r}, got {got!r}")
-
-
-def check_true(name, cond, detail=""):
-    check(name, bool(cond), True) if cond else check(name + (f" ({detail})" if detail else ""), False, True)
-
-
-class Client:
-    def __init__(self, cwd):
-        self.p = subprocess.Popen([SERVER], stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
-                                  stdout=subprocess.PIPE, cwd=cwd)
-        self.diagnostics = {}
-
-    def _send(self, obj):
-        body = json.dumps(obj).encode()
-        self.p.stdin.write(b"Content-Length: %d\r\n\r\n" % len(body) + body)
-        self.p.stdin.flush()
-
-    def _read(self):
-        header = b""
-        while not header.endswith(b"\r\n\r\n"):
-            c = self.p.stdout.read(1)
-            if not c:
-                return None
-            header += c
-        length = int([l for l in header.decode().split("\r\n")
-                      if l.lower().startswith("content-length")][0].split(":")[1])
-        return json.loads(self.p.stdout.read(length))
-
-    def request(self, method, params, _id=[0]):
-        _id[0] += 1
-        rid = _id[0]
-        self._send({"jsonrpc": "2.0", "id": rid, "method": method, "params": params})
-        while True:
-            msg = self._read()
-            if msg is None:
-                raise RuntimeError(f"server closed during {method}")
-            if msg.get("id") == rid:
-                return msg.get("result")
-            if msg.get("method") == "textDocument/publishDiagnostics":
-                p = msg["params"]
-                self.diagnostics[os.path.basename(p["uri"])] = [d["message"] for d in p["diagnostics"]]
-
-    def notify(self, method, params):
-        self._send({"jsonrpc": "2.0", "method": method, "params": params})
-
-    def open(self, path, language_id="ludic"):
-        with open(path) as fh:
-            text = fh.read()
-        self.notify("textDocument/didOpen", {"textDocument": {
-            "uri": "file://" + path, "languageId": language_id, "version": 1, "text": text}})
-        return text
-
-    def close(self):
-        try:
-            self.request("shutdown", None)
-            self.notify("exit", None)
-        except Exception:
-            pass
-        self.p.kill()
-
-
-def position_of(text, needle, offset=0):
-    for i, line in enumerate(text.split("\n")):
-        if needle in line:
-            return {"line": i, "character": line.index(needle) + offset}
-    raise AssertionError(f"{needle!r} not found")
-
-
-def main():
-    if not os.access(SERVER, os.X_OK):
-        print("  skip  ludic-lsp missing")
-        return 2
-
-    c = Client(ROOT)
-    caps = c.request("initialize", {"rootUri": "file://" + ROOT, "capabilities": {}})["capabilities"]
-    c.notify("initialized", {})
-
-    for cap in ["completionProvider", "hoverProvider", "definitionProvider",
-                "referencesProvider", "renameProvider", "documentSymbolProvider",
-                "workspaceSymbolProvider", "documentFormattingProvider",
-                "semanticTokensProvider", "foldingRangeProvider",
-                "signatureHelpProvider", "inlayHintProvider", "documentLinkProvider"]:
-        check_true(f"advertises {cap}", cap in caps)
-
-    # ---- a fragment file: no `program` block, only reachable through an import --
-    frag = os.path.join(ROOT, "examples/games/chronorift/combat.ludic")
-    text = c.open(frag)
-    uri = {"uri": "file://" + frag}
-
-    syms = c.request("textDocument/documentSymbol", {"textDocument": uri})
-    check_true("document symbols in an imported fragment", len(syms) >= 3)
-
-    # a field reached through a query binding, declared in ANOTHER file
-    pos = position_of(text, "st.guard", 3)
-    hov = c.request("textDocument/hover", {"textDocument": uri, "position": pos})
-    check_true("hover resolves a field through a query binding",
-               hov and "Stats.guard: int" in hov["contents"]["value"])
-
-    d = c.request("textDocument/definition", {"textDocument": uri, "position": pos})
-    check_true("go-to-definition crosses files", d and d["uri"].endswith("world.ludic"))
-
-    # a binding is not yet inside its own scope at the point it is written, so
-    # resolving it has to go through the declaration table, not scope lookup
-    qpos = position_of(text, "for (e) in query", 5)
-    qhov = c.request("textDocument/hover", {"textDocument": uri, "position": qpos})
-    check_true("hover works on a query binding at its declaration site",
-               qhov and "query binding" in qhov["contents"]["value"],
-               json.dumps(qhov)[:80])
-
-    comp = c.request("textDocument/completion", {"textDocument": uri,
-                                                 "position": position_of(text, "st.guard", 3)})
-    labels = [i["label"] for i in comp["items"]]
-    check_true("completion after '.' offers only that property's fields",
-               "guard" in labels and "hp" in labels and "clear" not in labels)
-
-    # a query's term list admits propertys and models and nothing else —
-    # not the loop variables, not builtins, not keywords
-    qsrc = ('program QT {\n  property Pos { x: int = 0 }\n  property Vel { dx: int = 0 }\n'
-            '  handler S phase Update {\n    for (a, b) in query [Pos, ] { }\n  }\n}\n')
-    qfile = "/tmp/ludic_lsp_test_query.ludic"
-    with open(qfile, "w") as fh:
-        fh.write(qsrc)
-    c.open(qfile)
-    quri = {"uri": "file://" + qfile}
-    qcomp = c.request("textDocument/completion",
-                      {"textDocument": quri, "position": position_of(qsrc, "[Pos, ]", 6)})
-    qlabels = sorted(i["label"] for i in qcomp["items"])
-    check("completion inside query terms lists propertys only", qlabels, ["Pos", "Vel"])
-    body = c.request("textDocument/completion",
-                     {"textDocument": quri, "position": position_of(qsrc, "] { }", 3)})
-    blabels = [i["label"] for i in body["items"]]
-    check_true("completion in the loop body still has locals and builtins",
-               "a" in blabels and "clear" in blabels)
-    os.unlink(qfile)
-
-    refs = c.request("textDocument/references", {"textDocument": uri,
-                                                 "position": position_of(text, "query [Stats", 7),
-                                                 "context": {"includeDeclaration": True}})
-    files = {os.path.basename(r["uri"]) for r in refs}
-    check_true("find-usages spans the compilation unit", len(files) >= 3, str(sorted(files)))
-
-    hints = c.request("textDocument/inlayHint", {"textDocument": uri,
-                                                 "range": {"start": {"line": 0, "character": 0},
-                                                           "end": {"line": 9999, "character": 0}}})
-    check_true("inlay hints name query binding types", any(": Stats" == h["label"] for h in hints))
-
-    # a namespaced call resolves to its underlying bare-builtin signature
-    sig = c.request("textDocument/signatureHelp",
-                    {"textDocument": uri, "position": position_of(text, "Random.chance(", 14)})
-    check_true("signature help for a namespaced builtin",
-               sig and sig["signatures"][0]["label"].startswith("rng_chance("))
-
-    toks = c.request("textDocument/semanticTokens/full", {"textDocument": uri})
-    check_true("semantic tokens produced", len(toks["data"]) // 5 > 100)
-    check_true("semantic token stream is well formed", len(toks["data"]) % 5 == 0)
-
-    folds = c.request("textDocument/foldingRange", {"textDocument": uri})
-    check_true("folding ranges produced", len(folds) > 5)
-
-    # ---- structural diagnostics arrive while typing --------------------------
-    c.notify("textDocument/didChange", {"textDocument": {"uri": uri["uri"], "version": 2},
-                                        "contentChanges": [{"text": text + "\n{ oops"}]})
-    c.request("textDocument/documentSymbol", {"textDocument": uri})
-    check_true("unbalanced brace reported while typing",
-               any("unclosed" in m for m in c.diagnostics.get("combat.ludic", [])))
-
-    # ---- the LSP analyses opened files on its own ----------------------------
-    # (Deep semantic diagnostics once came from `ludicc --fmt`; the compiler is
-    #  now written in Ludic and the LSP relies on its own parser. It still opens
-    #  any file and answers structural queries without a compiler present.)
-    bad = "/tmp/ludic_lsp_test_bad.ludic"
-    with open(bad, "w") as fh:
-        fh.write("program Bad {\n  property P { x: nosuchtype = 0 }\n}\n")
-    c.open(bad)
-    syms = c.request("textDocument/documentSymbol", {"textDocument": {"uri": "file://" + bad}})
-    check_true("LSP opens and analyses a file with no compiler present",
-               any(s["name"] == "Bad" for s in syms))
-    os.unlink(bad)
-
-    # ---- markdown: ```ludic fences are real Ludic ---------------------------
-    md = "/tmp/ludic_lsp_test.md"
-    with open(md, "w") as fh:
-        fh.write("# Title\n\nprose\n\n```ludic\nprogram D { property Pt { x: int = 0 } }\n```\n\n"
-                 "```python\nz = 1\n```\n")
-    c.open(md, "markdown")
-    mduri = {"uri": "file://" + md}
-    mdsyms = c.request("textDocument/documentSymbol", {"textDocument": mduri})
-    check_true("symbols found inside a markdown fence", [s["name"] for s in mdsyms] == ["D"])
-    mdtoks = c.request("textDocument/semanticTokens/full", {"textDocument": mduri})
-    check("markdown tokens start on the fence body line", mdtoks["data"][0], 5)
-    # A fence is a snippet: elisions and half-shown blocks are the documentation
-    # doing its job, so errors there would be noise. Highlighting still applies.
-    check("no diagnostics are reported for markdown", c.diagnostics.get("ludic_lsp_test.md"), [])
-    fmt = c.request("textDocument/formatting", {"textDocument": mduri,
-                                                "options": {"tabSize": 2, "insertSpaces": True}})
-    check_true("markdown formatting leaves prose and other fences alone",
-               "prose" in fmt[0]["newText"] and "z = 1" in fmt[0]["newText"])
-    os.unlink(md)
-
-    # the repository's own documentation must not light up with false errors
-    for doc in ("LANGUAGE.md", "README.md", "COMPILING.md"):
-        path = os.path.join(ROOT, doc)
-        if not os.path.exists(path):
-            continue
-        c.open(path, "markdown")
-        c.request("textDocument/documentSymbol", {"textDocument": {"uri": "file://" + path}})
-        check(f"{doc} opens with no diagnostics", c.diagnostics.get(doc, []), [])
-    lang = os.path.join(ROOT, "LANGUAGE.md")
-    if os.path.exists(lang):
-        t = c.request("textDocument/semanticTokens/full", {"textDocument": {"uri": "file://" + lang}})
-        check_true("LANGUAGE.md fences are highlighted", len(t["data"]) // 5 > 100)
-
-    # ---- rename has to be resolution-based, not textual ----------------------
-    # `x` here is a field of Pos, a field of Vel, a local, and a parameter.
-    # Renaming any one of them must leave the other three alone.
-    amb = "/tmp/ludic_lsp_test_rename.ludic"
-    with open(amb, "w") as fh:
-        fh.write("program R {\n"
-                 "  property Pos { x: int = 0, y: int = 0 }\n"
-                 "  property Vel { x: int = 0 }\n"
-                 "  function helper(x: int) -> int { return x + 1 }\n"
-                 "  handler A phase Update {\n"
-                 "    for (p) in query [Pos] {\n"
-                 "      let x = 5\n"
-                 "      p.x = p.x + x\n"
-                 "    }\n"
-                 "  }\n"
-                 "  handler B phase Update {\n"
-                 "    for (v) in query [Vel] { v.x = v.x + 1 }\n"
-                 "  }\n"
-                 "}\n")
-    atext = c.open(amb)
-    auri = {"uri": "file://" + amb}
-
-    def rename_at(pos):
-        r = c.request("textDocument/rename",
-                      {"textDocument": auri, "position": pos, "newName": "ZZZ"})
-        if not r or not r.get("changes"):
-            return []
-        return list(r["changes"].values())[0]
-
-    def lines_touched(edits):
-        return sorted({e["range"]["start"]["line"] for e in edits})
-
-    field = rename_at(position_of(atext, "property Pos { x", 15))
-    check("renaming Pos.x touches only its declaration and its uses",
-          lines_touched(field), [1, 7])
-    local = rename_at(position_of(atext, "let x = 5", 4))
-    check("renaming a local touches only that local", lines_touched(local), [6, 7])
-    param = rename_at(position_of(atext, "function helper(x", 16))
-    check("renaming a parameter touches only that function", lines_touched(param), [3])
-    check("renaming a parameter makes exactly two edits", len(param), 2)
-
-    # find-usages must be equally precise
-    refs_x = c.request("textDocument/references",
-                       {"textDocument": auri,
-                        "position": position_of(atext, "property Vel { x", 15),
-                        "context": {"includeDeclaration": True}})
-    check("find-usages of Vel.x does not pick up Pos.x",
-          sorted({r["range"]["start"]["line"] for r in refs_x}), [2, 11])
-    os.unlink(amb)
-
-    # ---- workspace-wide symbol search ---------------------------------------
-    ws = c.request("workspace/symbol", {"query": "Stats"})
-    check_true("workspace symbol search finds a property", any(s["name"] == "Stats" for s in ws))
-
-    c.close()
-    print(f"  {passed} passed, {failed} failed")
-    return 1 if failed else 0
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    sys.exit(main())