The first part of the Vulkan side of gpu.ludic, not yet reached from the renderer: gvk_init
brings up the instance (portability enumeration where offered), the first discrete GPU, a
graphics queue and a device with the Tier 1 floor switched on (dynamic rendering,
synchronization2, descriptor indexing, timeline semaphores), and says why when it cannot so
the caller stays on OpenGL. gvk_mem_type / gvk_alloc pick and allocate memory (one allocation
per resource while the backend comes up), and gvk_once_begin / gvk_once_end carry uploads,
bakes and read-backs through submit and wait.
examples/rendering/vk_device.ludic runs it alone: VKDEVICE OK and validation-clean on the RTX
3070 Ti and on MoltenVK.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
A game ended its frame with Gl.swap() and shot it with Gl.screenshot, which tied it to OpenGL
and made it name Gl.* only so the parser would splice the GL runtime. gpu_present and
gpu_screenshot carry both (and name Gl.* themselves, so importing render3d is enough), and
r3d_present / r3d_screenshot are what a game calls. The Vulkan backend takes both over.
OpenGL frames byte-identical at the five viewpoints; 59 self-tests pass with no GL error.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
The last of milestone 1: no OpenGL call is left in render3d outside gpu.ludic but the clock
and the CPU-side buffer helpers.
- gpu_program builds a program and remembers the variant it came from (vertex, fragment and
defines as one line - the SPIR-V manifest's key), so a backend that cannot compile at run
time finds the pipeline for the same handle. gpu_use_program and gpu_program_free replace
32 uses and 2 frees; the overlay's program is recorded under overlay.vert|overlay.frag.
- gpu_query_new / _begin / _end / _result carry R3D_PROF's timers.
- gpu_open, gpu_vsync, gpu_renderer_name and gpu_resize_check carry the context.
- r3d_program_tess is gone: nothing called it and no tessellation shader exists.
- R3D_GLCHECK also checks after framebuffer and renderbuffer changes, viewport, draw buffers,
program use, texture parameters, the resize check and between frames.
OpenGL frames are byte-identical at the five viewpoints; 59 self-tests pass with and without
R3D_GLCHECK, with no GL error; ludic-dev test 140 passed.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
The overlay flushed into whatever framebuffer was bound last, which raised GL error 1286 on
every run: ov_flush now binds the screen and its viewport before it draws.
R3D_GLCHECK=1 checks each draw, clear, blit, upload and attachment for a pending error or an
incomplete framebuffer and names the target, and each sampler bind for a texture with no image
or a mipmap filter without mipmaps. Off, it costs one flag test.
Still open: an intermittent 1286 reported at "terrain shadow bake" after the self-tests (about
half the runs), and one macOS "unloadable" texture warning at shutdown while the post targets are
freed. No frame samples a bad texture.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
gpu_manifest.ludic loads shaders/spv/manifest.txt and answers what a backend asks while drawing:
which variant a program built by r3d_program is, where a uniform lives in its stage's block,
which binding a sampler has, what the vertex inputs are. examples/rendering/vk_manifest.ludic
resolves every program in variants.list against it (45 of 45) and checks a few offsets and
bindings. Nothing imports it yet.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Framebuffers and their attachments, renderbuffers (multisampled too), draw and read buffers,
completeness checks, blits, viewports, clears, the screen framebuffer, the multisample enable,
the wireframe switch and GL error checks now go through gpu_fb_* / gpu_rb_* / gpu_viewport /
gpu_clear / gpu_blit / gpu_check, and no other file names them. Each call is the one GL call it
replaces, in the same order: the fixed viewpoints render bit-identically and the game's
self-tests report exactly what they did.
What is attached to each framebuffer - colour slots, a depth texture or one layer of an array,
renderbuffers and their samples - is recorded as it is attached, for a backend that builds
render passes and image views. gpu_read_screen is the frame read-back a photograph takes.
R3D_GLCHECK=1 checks, around every draw, clear and blit, that the bound framebuffer is complete
and that no error is left behind, naming the framebuffer. It has already narrowed the old
"gl error 1286 at terrain shadow bake": the error is pending before a draw after the map self-
test, so it comes from a call that is not a draw, clear or blit.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Texture creation, 2D and array uploads, pixel packing, filters, wraps, comparison, border,
anisotropy, mipmaps, texture units, read-backs and freeing now go through gpu_tex_* and
gpu_bind_sampler, and no other file names them. Each call is the one GL call it replaces,
in the same order, so OpenGL renders bit-identically at the fixed viewpoints and the game's
self-tests report what they did before.
What those calls say about a texture - size, format, layers, min and mag filter, wraps,
comparison, mipmaps, anisotropy - is recorded per handle as it is set: a backend with
immutable images and separate sampler objects creates both from exactly that.
r3d_bind_tex takes a texture kind (GPU_TEX2D / GPU_TEX2D_ARRAY) instead of a GL target.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Every vertex array, vertex and index buffer, attribute pointer, instance divisor, stream
upload and draw call now goes through gpu_mesh_* / gpu_buffer_* / gpu_draw_*, and no other
file in the package names them. A Mesh records its layout as it is built - which buffer
feeds which attribute at what stride and offset, per vertex or per instance - so a backend
that bakes vertex input into a pipeline can read it back. On OpenGL each call is the GL it
replaces, in the same order: the five fixed viewpoints render bit-identically and the game's
self-tests report exactly what they did before.
scatter_attach takes the mesh rather than its vertex array; a mesh now frees every vertex
buffer it owns (glTF meshes used to keep all but the first); the two helpers nothing called,
mesh_grid_patches and mesh_instance_buffer, are gone.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Vulkan cannot compile GLSL when the game starts, so the programs render3d builds are listed
(shaders/variants.list, 45 of them, collected with R3D_PROGRAMS_LOG across the self-tests, the
screens, the viewpoints and the debug switches) and `ludic-dev shaders` compiles each into
shaders/spv/<id>.vert.spv and .frag.spv with a manifest of what the backend needs: each
stage's uniform block and member offsets, the samplers' bindings, the vertex inputs.
The GLSL is the renderer's own, assembled as programs.ludic assembles it, through glslang's
relaxed Vulkan mode, so gpu_uniform / u_* can write the same uniforms into a block on Vulkan.
Bindings are assigned by the tool (glslang's own numbering put several samplers of one stage
on binding 0): the vertex block is 0, the fragment block 1, samplers from 2 in name order,
shared across both stages. Every stage passes spirv-val; `ludic-dev test` rebuilds and compares
wherever the Vulkan SDK is installed.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Render state (depth, blending, culling, colour writes, alpha-to-coverage, depth bias,
scissor) and uniforms go through gpu_* / u_* and nowhere else; OpenGL state is cached and
only changes reach the driver. Frames are bit-identical to before at the fixed viewpoints.
R3D_GFX=gl|vk or gpu_request chooses a backend, falling back to OpenGL with a reason.
gpu_caps_probe() asks Vulkan, on Windows, for the 1.3 floor, ray tracing, mesh shaders, the
NVIDIA RTX generation, Reflex and HDR colour spaces, for a game's settings to grey out what
a machine cannot use; R3D_CAPS pretends to be a given card for tests.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
The queue was only emptied by the next outline_model call, so the last highlighted tree kept
its rim after the player looked away. r3d_frame now calls outline_frame, which drops a batch
the previous frame closed and nobody reopened.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
ov_text, ov_text_w and ov_text_wrap decode UTF-8 instead of drawing bytes 32-126. font.json
may list the atlas's code points in "codes"; an atlas without it reads as before (ASCII
from "first"). A missing code point draws as '?', a cut-off sequence as one '?'.
overlay_font(dir) loads or swaps the atlas at run time, for a language with its own script.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Needle-card crowns are many cut-out quads deep and a discarding shader turns early depth
rejection off, so every card behind the front one ran the full lighting shader. The near
tree LODs now write depth first (depth.frag, the same alpha coverage test), terrain under
them is rejected before shading, and the lit pass draws them with no discard and an equal
depth test (invariant gl_Position). R3D_NOPREPASS=1 restores the old path.
Dense forest on a Windows PC: 61 -> 78 fps at 3840x2160, 116 -> 164 fps at 1920x1080.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
A water body other than the reflecting one drew its whole bounding rectangle,
so the corners outside the lake's carved ellipse showed water over dry ground;
those bodies now discard outside the ellipse. r3d_fog_base (default 0) is the
height the height fog is measured from, so maps sharing one datum at different
heights get the same air.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
terrain_reload/terrain_unload release one map's height field, survey, photograph
and patch bounds and generate another at any TERRAIN_HALF; scatter_clear_all
(with streams), actor_clear_all, col_reset and mesh_free empty the scene;
water_body_add/water_bodies_clear draw several still-water planes with one
reflecting; terrain_sea separates the coast's sea level from the carved lake's,
and grass keeps off both. Fixes CDLOD patch bounds for TERRAIN_HALF != 4096 and
water_init leaking a mesh and program per call. examples/rendering/reload.ludic.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
The degenerate case - a point exactly on a collider's axis, where there is no
direction to push it - set the normal to (1, 0), which is already a unit vector,
and then divided it by the clamped d = 0.001 along with the genuine normals. The
push came out a thousand times too big: dead centre on a 0.5 m trunk moved a body
about 800 m rather than the 0.85 m that clears it.
Off-centre the arithmetic was right, and off-centre is how anything arrives at a
trunk on foot, so nothing in play ever hit it. A teleport, a spawn, or a world
generator dropping something onto an existing collider would have.
(ex, ez) / d is a unit vector for every d > 0, because d is its own length -
there was never anything to clamp and nothing that could grow. The normal is now
built once and explicitly, and the clamp is gone.
Verified through a game, which is the only harness this package has: render3d's
own float helpers need the Gl runtime spliced, so collide.ludic cannot be
compiled standalone for a unit test. Maroon Lake's selftest12 stands a body dead
centre on a trunk and asserts the push never exceeds the two radii added together
- which is the definition of being pushed clear, and so the tightest honest bound
available. It reports 798.88 m before this change and 0.80 m after, with the
off-centre case unchanged at 0.66 m.
A frame is drawn by more than one pass - a shadow map, a water reflection, the
scene - and actor_draw runs in each. An Actor's rim survives that because it is
a field on the actor; the queue did not, because the first pass to run emptied
it. A queued outline was drawn into whichever target came first and was gone by
the time the scene was drawn, so nothing appeared with every uniform, matrix
and mesh correct - which took a while to find.
A flush now closes the batch rather than clearing it, and the next
outline_model opens a new one.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Three things a game could not say, each of which had been worked around.
Audio.play_at(id, gain:, pitch:, pan:) fires a one-shot with its own gain,
pitch and stereo position. Audio.volume and Audio.pitch are global - they are
the options screen - so a game placing a sound in the world was fighting them,
and distance attenuation was simply not expressible. The backend already took
volume and rate per call; this adds setPan: alongside them and stops routing
through the master state.
ludic.render3d gains outline_model(model, mat, width, r, g, b): a rim around
something that is not an Actor. The outline pass walked the actor list and
stopped, so instanced scatter - a forest - could not be highlighted at all. It
is a queue flushed by the same pass, which is what gets the depth test right
when the caller does not control pass order.
And terrain_coast(cx, cz, margin, fall), the other way to make an island:
the sea around the survey's own edge rather than cut out of the middle of it.
terrain_island measures a radius from a centre, which drowns two thirds of a
real survey to make an island of the rest; this measures inward from the
boundary, so everything the data covers stays land and the coast is where the
data runs out. Both modes gained a strand - the last few metres of height
either side of the water line compressed, which stretches a cliff plunge out
into beach and shallows.
132 regression tests and the self-host fixpoints pass.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
The water shader's `u_screen`, and the reflection target's size, were both taken
from gl_w/gl_h - the drawable. But gl_FragCoord in that shader runs over the
scene target, which is post_w x post_h. They match only at a render scale of 1;
at anything less the refraction and depth reads landed in the wrong corner of
the frame and the lake showed a squashed copy of it instead of its own bed.
Both now come from the scene target. The reflection is sized from it too, which
also stops it paying for pixels the water never samples. R3D_DUMP_REFL reads the
target's own w/h rather than recomputing them.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
`terrain_island(cx, cz, r, fall)` keeps land out to `r` and then scales the
terrain down into the water over `fall` metres and on to a shelf. Scaling rather
than blending to a fixed bed is what makes the coastline come out of the terrain
that is already there: low ground turns into beach and shallows, high ground
into cliff. `r = 0` leaves the survey alone, so nothing that does not ask for an
island is touched.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
The moon was fixed opposite the sun and worth a constant trickle of light. It
now carries a phase, 0 new .. 0.5 full .. 1 new again, and that one number
decides three things at once: the disc's terminator, the fraction of its light
that reaches the ground, and where in the sky it rides.
The moon is where the sun was `lag` of a day ago, so a full moon rises as the
sun sets and a new moon travels with the sun and is never seen. A new moon is
now a properly dark night, which is what makes a carried light worth having.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
An actor gains `outline` (metres of rim) and `ocol` (its colour). The pass draws
the model a second time with its vertices pushed out along their normals and its
front faces culled, so only the far side of the swollen shell survives - a
silhouette exactly `outline` metres wide. It is depth-tested against the scene,
so anything standing in front of the actor hides the rim too.
skin.vert grows an OUTLINE path for the push; outline.frag is the flat-colour
fragment shader it pairs with.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
`Gl.*` binds the whole OpenGL 4.1 core API — every entry point of the
platform gl3.h with every GL_* constant, generated by `ludic-dev glgen`
with per-call ABI thunks. Windowed builds get an NSOpenGLContext on the
existing window at Retina resolution; headless builds render into an
offscreen CGL context, so a program that uses Gl.* renders and
screenshots identically under the test harness. It links gl.ll, the
thunks and OpenGL.framework only when used; every other build stays
byte-identical.
packages/ludic.render3d is a physically based renderer written on that
surface: HDRI image-based lighting, GPU-generated terrain with scanned
PBR materials, CDLOD, cascaded shadows, glTF with skinning, instanced
vegetation with impostors, procedural grass, water, SSAO, and an HDR
pipeline with bloom, auto-exposure and ACES.
It also carries this session's work on it: the terrain at half its cost
(10.3 -> 5.4 ms of frame), the streaming hitch that got worse the longer
you played, a resize that emptied the world, and the packaging that lets
a game use the renderer from its own repository — `ludic assets`, the
material manifest shipping with the package, and shader lookup falling
back to the install root. See changes/ for each, with its numbers.
The camping game that drove all of it has moved out to its own
repository, Maroon Lake; examples/rendering/smooth.ludic stays as the
renderer's example here.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
- runtime: HEADLESS_FRAME_PATH, STICK_DEADZONE / STICK_LEFT_X/Y, key and
byte codes as char literals throughout (`k == 'w'`, `fill(rt_map, ' ', …)`)
- ludic.gameplay/stats: drop the duplicate `stat_field` (it answered "atk"
for every build stat); Stats.base uses stats_field_name
- ludic.shooter: compare aim modes and fire patterns with AimMode.* and
WeaponPattern.* instead of raw ints; STICK_RIGHT_X/Y
- ludic.npcai: DecisionMade / brain_set_state use AiState.*
- examples/games/menu.ludic uses Font.load / Ui.* with FONT_PATH and
BACKDROP named; strings.ludic header says what it prints
- whole tree: `x = x + 1` → `x += 1` (single-term right-hand sides only),
`0 - x` → `-x`, ASCII codes → char literals; every .ludic and every
```ludic fence reformatted with the fixed formatter (whitespace only)
Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Closes the two open issues and lands the pending unreleased batch:
- #90: `Sprite { atlas: 1 }` routes esys_sprite through atlas_draw_ex
(scale/flip/tint), so cell / cell_span / strip ids of any size draw
through the engine sprite-render system. examples/library/sprite_atlas
is the pixel-readback regression.
- #91: `become` from an @On(Event) listener / global handler / plain
function no longer segfaults the compiler; it emits @L_scene_leave()
(a dispatch on the live scene id) so the leaving scene's on-exit runs.
UI_* handles are readable from any code (widget table built on first
use). examples/library/scene_menus covers it.
- fix: a windowed `ludicc -o` build that reaches the audio runtime only
through the atlas/Assets preload import now links audio.ll +
AVFoundation (the audio backend link was gated on a game-level
Audio.* call, so any windowed game declaring Sprite failed to link).
- the hand-written "Unreleased" CHANGELOG section is converted to
changesets under changes/ so `x release` generates it.
- plus the batch: engine-driven retained UI + UiClicked event, Overlay
phase, TileSkin tilemap-render system, Key.* constants, Font/Ui/File
namespaces, Sprite.strip, prefabs, managers, countdown fields,
enum-typed machines, layer @Queries, ludic.prefs / ludic.dungeon
packages, Ai.seek pathing, Solids.solid2, cursor confine (mode 3)
fix, shooter centre-aim fix, reserved-word function diagnostic.
Verified: x test (124/124), x test-tools, check-impl, check-vocabulary,
check-docs, docs-gen + docs-check, bootstrap-cfree (seed is a fixpoint).
Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>
#79 — Input.axis_i(neg,pos) -> int returns a -1/0/1 movement intent from the
multi-key device set, so WASD-to-movement needs no bool->int glue and feeds an
int mover directly (dx = Input.axis_i('a','d')).
#84 — a Bounds config entity (rect + policy, from ludic.core) drives the
engine-owned world-bounds system (LateUpdate): clamp / wrap / bounce (clamp +
flip Body velocity) / kill (despawn a body fully outside). Reads the Collider
size so the box stays inside; off by default, spliced only when Bounds is
declared (byte-identical otherwise). Adds World.despawn(e) — the by-id
reflective despawn (runs @OnDespawn + frees) via a new world_despawn intrinsic
whose @fn_world_despawn helper is emitted in emit_program's tail once a use is
seen (the g_uses_* prelude pattern), used by the kill policy and callable from
any system.
Examples input_movement + world_bounds. Full suite 112/0, goldens
byte-identical, fixpoint holds.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>
The engine already auto-ticks SpriteAnim/Motion; it now auto-DRAWS too.
Declare a Sprite component (id/offx/offy/scale/flip/tint/hidden, shipped from
ludic.core) on an entity with a Position and esys_sprite draws it each Render
frame — no hand-written Render handler, no hand animation (adds the SpriteAnim
frame when present). Registered on the engine-system registry (Render) and
spliced only when the game declares Sprite, so a game that never declares it
compiles byte-identically; opt out by omitting Sprite or `disable system
esys_sprite`.
Deprecates the bare draw_sprite/draw_sprite_scaled globals in favour of
Screen.sprite/Screen.sprite_scaled: a direct bare call emits a one-time
compile-time deprecation note (the bare form still lowers, since Screen.sprite
uses it); migrates the chronorift demo to the namespaced calls (golden render
byte-identical).
Example sprite_render (pixel-readback: engine draws the sprite, respects
hidden). Full suite 109/0, goldens byte-identical, fixpoint holds.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>
The engine-owned esys_move (#65) reads Position/Body/Collider/Solids by name,
but no package defined them — every game and example re-declared identical
bundles by hand. Ship them as the source package ludic.core; games import
instead of copy-pasting, and extend by composition (attach their own
components on the same model). AOT → compiles into the consumer's ECS with no
seam; integer + Q16.16 deterministic. Adds examples/library/core_components
(driven by esys_move, composed with a game Health component) as a
controller_case (104/0).
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Seven independently-usable modules on the six-lever contract with name-keyed
data registries (zero-code content): movement (grid/free/tween, 4/8-axis, veto +
interact), inventory + equipment (stat bonuses via the gameplay modifier stack),
crafting, event-driven quests + flags, an Ink/Yarn dialog graph, Sokoban
pushables + a switch/plate/gate signal graph, and over-time status effects
through the Combat pipeline. Reuses ludic.gameplay Stats/Combat. Deterministic.
21-check example, in the suite (103 passed, 0 failed).
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Perception -> decision -> action AI that writes the SAME intent fields the
player controllers read, so an enemy reuses the shooter's weapon/aim and a
companion reuses the mover (friendly vs enemy = faction + goal, not code).
Vision/Memory perception (throttled, faction + optional LOS), three decision
models (FSM, utility, behaviour tree) writing one Brain intent with a
cancellable DecisionMade hook, Reynolds flocking steering, and a Follower
companion. Reuses ludic.gameplay Faction/Stats. Deterministic. 8-check example.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Top-down shooter: TopDown decoupled move/aim (mouse/stick/move-dir/auto-aim),
a name-keyed Weapon registry (fire-rate/spread/pellets/pattern + data-driven
pierce/homing), and a self-contained deterministic Projectile pool with
faction-filtered Combat hits, pierce, ring/spiral patterns, and homing. One
weapon impl serves player + NPC via a want_fire intent. Budgeted wave Spawner.
Reuses ludic.gameplay Faction/Combat/Stats. 11-check example, in the suite.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>
The reference six-lever controller: Platformer component (jump feel as data),
decomposed input/move/gravity/jump/anim engine sub-systems (each disable-able),
JumpRequested/Landed/StateChanged events, gravity policy enum, and the opt-in
scaffolding (moving/crumble platforms w/ rider carry, pickups+score, springs,
hazards+Life, checkpoints/goal). Reuses the shared esys_move collision.
Also fixes a latent SSA-name collision in ludic_sweep_entity that triggered
once a program declared >=11 events. Reseeded; C-free fixpoint holds.
3 new regression cases (100 passed, 0 failed).
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Shared building blocks for the builtin gameplay controllers (#57): the
ludic.gameplay source package (Cooldown timer, Stats + timed modifier stack,
Faction table, Combat damage pipeline with cancel/mutable hooks), plus the
compiler `disable system <esys_fn>` extensibility lever. Deterministic,
integer-only; C-free bootstrap fixpoint holds.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>
